Early experience

Question 1

Harlow’s cloth surrogate

-what does it override?

Answer 1

• professor in UW primate lab
• young monkeys taken off mother and replaced with cloth surrogate
• baby will hold on and it becomes mom
• so potent it overrides food
• contact comfort/tactile stimulation

Question 2

Theory of attachment

-who discovered it?

Answer 2

• John Bowlby
• “biological predisposition”
• human child/primate infant born predisposed to figure out who mom/dad is

Question 3

Imprinting

Answer 3

• Konrad Lorenz
• monkey’s don’t do this
• birds imprint on the first thing they see - vision is important

Question 4

negative response to separation once bond is formed - 3 stages

Answer 4

• protest - agitation; looking for mom
• depression - conservation withdrawal (energy saving phase because you can’t be agitated forever)
• Detachment - children go here, but monkeys don’t

Question 5

test for attachment to cloth surrogate

Answer 5

• one monkey made of towel, one made of wire
• add milk to wire one, monkey still goes to cloth one
• create a stressful situation, still run to cloth

Question 6

distress calls

when do they occur

Answer 6

• agitation: whoo call
• isolation
• depression/witdrawal

Question 7

physiological response during agitation

Answer 7

• crying
• increased heard rate
• increased BP
• increased cortisol
• brain chemistry activated

Question 8

physiological response in depression

-how long does it usually take to get here

Answer 8

• day 2-3
• withdrawal
• body temp dec
• NE dec
• immune suppression

Question 9

monamines associated with depression

Answer 9

• serotonin
• NE
• dopamine

Question 10

how NTs travel

Answer 10

-start in lower brain and move to frontal brain to affect tone of brain (arousal)

Question 11

NT levels involved in agitation phase

Answer 11

-serotonin and NE levels increase

Question 12

what happens to some monkeys when NE is too high?

Answer 12

• cells can’t keep up with increased NE so levels drop and depression can occur
• NE needs to be sustained the longest

Question 13

biological expectation of a social environment

Answer 13

• pre-programmed responses are not expressed or are not correctly expressed - diverted and become abnormal
• **babies need to form bond early

Question 14

Hans Spitz

• what did he study?
• terms for his theory

Answer 14

• studied detachment in primates
• believed that children became lethargic and uninterested if they are not picked up
• “failure to thrive”
• Hospitalization syndrome
• Deprivation syndrome

Question 15

Anna Freud

Answer 15

-studied detachment to people seen in orphans from WWII

Question 16

Detachment’s relevance to psychopathology

Answer 16

• Orality and self-clasping
• Rocking
• Emotionality
• Impotent sex behavior in men
• abnormal maternal behavior

Question 17

detachment - orality and self clasping

Answer 17

-has to do with self aggression

Question 18

detachment - rocking

Answer 18

• stereotypic behavior
• mom is moving
• baby will rock on its own - self stimulate

Question 19

detachment - emotionality

Answer 19

• social withdrawal
• aggressiveness
• lack of empathy

Question 20

detachment - impotent sex behavior

Answer 20

-mostly seen in males

Question 21

detachment - abnormal maternal behavior

Answer 21

• motherless mothers
• model of child abuse
• if monkey doesn’t receive good parenting, she does not provide good mothering

Question 22

detachment - effects on brain neurochemistry

Answer 22

• low levels of NE

- altered dopamine functioning - abnormal reward and motivation systems

Question 23

detachment - effects on immunity and health

Answer 23

• abnormal number of T lymphocytes

- gut bacteria is vulnerable to pathogens

Question 24

benefits of breastmilk

-study that proves this?

Answer 24

• stimulates good bacteria in the gut
• blood samples from mother-reared vs human-reared primates show that WBCs are low in human-reared primates and can’t go back to higher levels

Question 25

epigenetics

Answer 25

• don’t change DNA but study what kinds of genes are expressed depending on early life experiences
• prenatal and early rearing environmental changes how genes are regulated

Question 26

treatment/recovery options for detachment

-when should it be done?

Answer 26

• “together-together”
• playroom therapy
• grandparent therapy
• dog-reared monkeys
• *must be done before 1 yr of life

Question 27

“together-together” therapy

Answer 27

• peer reared monkeys

- not great but better than nothing

Question 28

playroom therapy

Answer 28

-can largely make up for absence

Question 29

grandparent therapy

Answer 29

-grandma or any old monkey

Question 30

dog reared monkeys

Answer 30

• works well

- can’t form very complex relationships, but they can form relationships in general

Question 31

effect of grandparent therapy on grandparent

Answer 31

• suppresses immune system

- already extending life span for monkeys,so adding young is taxing

Question 32

study that shows how grandparent therapy affects immunity

Answer 32

• if grandma had an “out”/control over how much time she spent with grandkids, didn’t affect community
• Coe lab used tunnel with grandma’s apartment

Question 33

best situation for elderly monkeys?

Answer 33

• 2 older monkeys living together

- best immune response

Question 34

infant preferences

Answer 34

• own species

- prefer adult females to males

Question 35

infant preferences

Answer 35

• own species

- prefer adult females to males

Question 36

Biological and social predictors of immune senescence in the aged primate-rdg

Answer 36

• NK and IL are useful bio markers of predicting health and longevity
• more NK at older age
• immune responses in older animals are sensitive to small changes like location and illness