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Primate Behavior 3 > Communication > Flashcards

Communication Flashcards

1
Q

signals

A

-put forth by sender so receiver can understand message

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2
Q

intentional communication

A
  • calls

- can occur at same time at non-intentional

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3
Q

non-intentional communication (involuntary)

A
  • ANS
  • piloerection
  • hair standing on end
  • posture of animals
  • can occur at same time as intentional
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4
Q

What is special about gorilla communication?

A

-continue making louder and louder calls until they get the point across

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5
Q

How do chimps communicate

A
  • reaching out hands = appeasement
  • recognition
  • comfort
  • kind of like human handshake
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6
Q

what are the 4 things you look for in a communication?

A

1) signal - threat face
2) motivation - arounsal mrritation
3) meaning - aggressive intent
4) function - dominance without aggression

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7
Q

threat face

A

-staring into eyes

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8
Q

smiles

A
  • play smile

- social smile

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9
Q

visual communication

A
  • gestures, posture, color
  • body language (nonverbal communication)
  • sexual dimorphism
  • natal coat
  • species, age, hormone status
  • color red
  • visual indicators of immaturity/maturity
  • open arms
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10
Q

exaggeration of visual signals

A
  • piloerection

- bipedalism

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11
Q

what does the color Red symbolize

A

-women like red more on men

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12
Q

example of visual indicators of age/maturity

A

-orangutan face shape changes with age

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13
Q

natal coat

A

-babies have different coat than adults

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14
Q

tactile communication

A
  • touch associated with positive
  • mother-infant relationship
  • grooming (group cohesion, reconciliation, reassurance after distress)
  • passive body contact
  • sleeping huddle
  • grooming
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15
Q

sleeping huddle

A

lowers arousal

passive body contact

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16
Q

grooming

A
  • group cohesion
  • reconciliation
  • reassurance after distress
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17
Q

olfactory communication

A
  • reliance on scent-making
  • species, gender, hormone status
  • vomeronasal system
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18
Q

where does scent come from?

A
  • oil glands
  • urine
  • fecal matter
  • sneezing
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19
Q

vomeronasal system

A
  • direct connections to olfactory bulb and amygdala
  • pheromones - scents have direct effects on the brain
  • prosimians and NW monkeys
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20
Q

squirrel monkeys scent marking

  • females do it
  • males do it
  • different names for both
A
  • females rub urine on feed and walk - urine wash

- males do it-called kick wash

21
Q

auditory communication

A
  • sometimes to augment visual

- different types of calls

22
Q

different types of calls

A
  • distress calls
  • cohesion calls
  • territorial calls
  • food calls
  • predator calls
  • gibbon siamang long call
23
Q

Robert Seyfarth and Dorothy Cheyney

A
  • studied predator calls in vervet
  • different calls by vervets to leopards, eagles and snakes
  • also different calls depending on type of predator, proximity of predator
24
Q

infant distress calls

-types of monkeys and their calls

A
  • rhesus monkeys (woo-shriek)

- squirrel monkey (whistle)

25
Q

study with infant distress calls

A
  • played pre-recorded calls of infants to adults
  • adults responded to the calls from their own infant
  • species more closely related also respond to calls of other species, but not ones that are far away
26
Q

Rene Descartes

A
  • wondered whether language is the exclusive domain of humans
  • thoughts animals don’t have a language
  • opposing view of Descartes
27
Q

Pepys

A

Baboons can understand English

-opposing view of Descartes

28
Q

Is primate brain size a limitation for primates to be able to speak?

  • size of brain
  • lateralization?
A
  • no
  • brain size=500 cubic cm
  • primates have dominant hemispheres in the brain -lateralized brain
29
Q

Brain language areas

A
  • broca’s and wernicke’s areas
  • primates have these areas
  • but why don’t they speak?
30
Q

Why don’t primates speak?

A
  • vocal cord/tongue issue
  • humans have a drop in larynx and vocal cords; primates have these higher up in throat
  • drop may have come with bipedalism
  • this is why we choke - so we can talk; apes can breathe and eat at the same time (price we pay for language)
31
Q

Extended period of postnatal maturation

A
  • human brain 24% of adult size at birth
  • monkey and chimp brain 60% of adult size
  • high energy needs of development brain (human)-energy needs for development reduce with age
32
Q

Why is human brain such a small percentage of adult size at birth

A

-helps language become more sophisticated

33
Q

Wand L Kellog-family

A
  • raised chimps in the house
  • studied raising chimps with human child to see if they would speak
  • raising chimps in own home doesn’t mean they will speak
34
Q

Kieth and Kathy Hays

A
  • raised chimp named Vicki (1940s)
  • attempts at language=fail
  • cup, up, mama, papa-that’s all they got from chimp
35
Q

Robert yerkes

A
  • thought great apes have a lot to say but can’t talk

- maybe they will use sign language

36
Q

American Sign Language

A
  • teach chimps
  • recently-use computer interfaces
  • chimp signs are recognizable
  • washoe
  • chantek
  • koko
37
Q

Washoe

A
  • first signing
  • 1960s
  • Allen and Beatrice Gardner
  • 132-151 gestures over 4 years
  • referents (come, give me)
  • 2-3 sign sequences
  • made up signs
  • Clever Hans effect
  • Robert Frouts
38
Q

Signs that washoe made up

A
  • water+bird for swan

- drink+fruit=watermelon

39
Q

Robert Frouts

-who did he work with?

A
  • 1970
  • grad student working with gardener’s
  • worked with washoe until she died
  • wanted to teach sign to other chimps in next generation
  • found they do more imitation
40
Q

Lyn Miles

A
  • worked with chantek (orangutan)

- taught him how to sign

41
Q

motivation to emit pant-hoot calls

A
  • chimpanzees
  • sleeping in boxes
  • jump around and grunt
  • change in calling across the morning after wake-up (give food/broadcast pant-hoots)
  • you can change behavior - lower or increase arounsal
  • males and females can do it, but males = more
42
Q

Penny Peterson - phd project

A

-taught koko the gorilla how to sign

43
Q

David premack

A
  • Sarah the ape

- plastic symbols -set the stage for LANA

44
Q

LANA-LANguage analog

  • who developed it
  • who were the first Chimps to use it
  • what is it
  • what is the grammar called
A
  • display panel each symbol represents a word
  • wrote a grammar called yerkish
  • developed by Rumbaghs
  • symbol language; each symbol is 1 word
  • Sherman and Austin, first chimps to communicate with each other
45
Q

Kanzi the bonobo

A
  • most proficient at LANA
  • watched his adoptive mother and caught on very fast
  • may have picked up spoken language understanding
46
Q

Herbert Terrace

A
  • chimp called nim chimsky
  • tested language understanding
  • it’s not spontaneous-do it in response to humans
  • single utterances
  • mostly for food
  • largely imitation
  • not true language
47
Q

Irene pepperberg

A
  • Alex the parrot

- taught him to communicate

48
Q

Noam Chomsky

A
  • requirements for language
  • syntax, grammar
  • duality-phoneme repeatable unit (sign gesture must be symbolic)
  • displacement in time and space
  • productivity
  • arbitrary
  • cultural transmission
  • only a few places around the world are still studying this

Primate Behavior 3 (5 decks)

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