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Primate Behavior 3 > Learning and Cognition > Flashcards

Learning and Cognition Flashcards

1
Q

Bowden Box

  • what was it used to study?
  • which monkeys are most curious?
A
  • studied curiosity as a motivational drive
  • monkeys look through a window and watch stuff - no incentive needed
  • little monkeys are most curious
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2
Q

What was special about Bandit (chimp in Coe lab?)

A
  • loved to watch people

- knew what to do with a tool if left with one

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3
Q

What did Kanzi the bonobo learn how to do?

A

-make a campfire and roast marshmallows

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4
Q

George Romanes****FINISH

A

-didn’t believe that animals had a higher intelligence

-

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5
Q

Von Osten

A
  • different view than Romanes
  • thought animals were capable of higher intelligence
  • worked with Clever Hans - horse that people thought could count
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6
Q

Clever Hans effect

A
  • the situation may not be what they think it is

- horse couldn’t actually count - he was looking for hints

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7
Q

William of Ockham

-law?

A
  • law of parsimony

- believed that situation shouldn’t be made more complicated than necessary

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8
Q

Edward Thorndike

A
  • trial and error learning

- animals stumble around; if they get a reward, they keep going; if they get nothing they stop doing it

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9
Q

Pavlov

A

-Classical Conditioning

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10
Q

Classical conditioning

A
  • unconditioned response

- meat = salivate; pair bell, eventually get salivation with bell

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11
Q

Skinner

A

-Operant conditioning

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12
Q

Operant conditioning

A

-direct reinforcement
-i.e. press lever, get water - keep doing it
press lever, get shocked - stop doing it

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13
Q

Wolfgang Kohler

  • 2 examples
  • his theory
A
  • The mentality of the apes
  • Gestalt psychology
  • “insight learning”
  • used a situation where monkeys had to stack boxes to get bananas
  • set up box with chain and grape; grape on straight chain at first and then it’s crossed - monkeys have to figure out what to do
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14
Q

gestalt psychology

A
  • monkeys think about it and then have an “ah ha” moment and know what to do
  • different than trial and error
  • solution comes to them in a different way
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15
Q

WI General Test Apparatus (WGTA)

A
  • Harry Harlow

- learning in primates: object discrimination, oddity learning

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16
Q

object discrimination

A

-tell two objects apart

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17
Q

oddity learning

A
  • choose stimulus which is different
  • shape, color
  • have to distinguish which object is right, which one is wrong
  • know that no matter what objects are presented, must choose the different one
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18
Q

Learning set

  • which types of primate can do this?
  • which types can do this?
A

-first trial: not just choose the odd one, but tell characteristics that made something odd
-i.e. trial 1, pick different shape; trial 2, pick shaded one - color is important
-galagos can’t do this
rhesus monkeys and chimps can do this

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19
Q

delayed matching-to-sample

-what age of monkey is this good for?

A
  • show 1st object, goes away
  • then 2 objects - monkey needs to remember which one it saw
  • -delay 10 mins - much longer
  • good for older monkeys - aging brain
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20
Q

effect of age on retention

-what test is good to test this?

A
  • older monkeys - less retention

- delayed matching-to-sample is a good test for short term memory and working memory

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21
Q

role of technology in delayed matching-to-sample

A
  • looking at which light went off

- touch screens becoming more popular (looking at where red squares had been around blue squares)

22
Q

word recognition

A
  • recognize by letter pattern
  • look at telling which world was misspelled
  • using shape of letters
23
Q

Tetsuro Matsuzawa

A
  • Japanese primatologist
  • got chimps to count to 9
  • remembers where numbers are hidden
24
Q

Addition task

A
  • show set 1
  • delay
  • show set 2
  • touch sum of 2 sets
25
Q

Chute exercise

A
  • have a chute that connects 2 boxes that are not directly under one another
  • see if monkey will figure out where ball goes
26
Q

Preparedness learning

A
  • monkeys raised in captivity, initially don’t fear snakes
  • learn to become afraid of snakes when you show them a video of other monkeys being afraid of snakes
  • same video doesn’t work with flowers
27
Q

Issues and challenges with traditional learning/cognition studies

A
  • anomalies/exceptions
  • training: clever hans effect
  • motivation vs performance
28
Q

anomalies/exceptions to learning/cognition studies

  • which monkeys are bad?
  • which monkeys are good?
  • other animals?
A
  • squirrel monkeys, gibbons
  • capuchins are above the norm
  • racoons and parrots are good
29
Q

Motivation vs performance in learning/cognition studies

  • nature reared monkeys vs mother reared monkeys
  • city monkeys vs jungle monkeys (who studied this)
A
  • nature reared monkeys are less intelligent and more emotional than mother reared monkeys
  • city monkeys (rhesus) are more curious than jungle monkeys (Sheo Singh)
30
Q

other kinds of intelligence

A
  • typical behavior: net building, hunting, medicinal plant use
  • tool use: Jane Goodall (ant dipping) and Testuro Matsuzawa (rock hammer/anvil)
  • protoculture
  • complex cognitive concepts: awareness of time, sense of self, sense of fairness and reciprocity, sense of death, art and music appreciation
31
Q

protoculture

A
  • knowledge not in genes
  • passed via imitation
  • facultative: learning from mother
32
Q

Japanese macaque potato and wheat washing

A
  • named Imo
  • washed potatoes and wheat if they were covered in sand
  • she washed her potatoes; other juveniles watched and learned from her
  • now all monkeys in that area wash potatoes
  • only adult males didn’t learn but they died
33
Q

cultural transitioning of foraging behavior

  • how old are they when they learn?
  • what are the things they learn?
  • which primate is learning this?
  • what is a cultural transition?
A
  • ant dipping and termite fishing in chimps
  • age observed in male/female chimps - later in life (~3-5 yrs) so it means they learn
  • same age thing occurs with using rocks
34
Q

Jane Goodall’s belief about imitation vs. purposeful teaching

A

-believes that chimps purposefully teach things

to each other

35
Q

Julie Mercader

A
  • studied how long chimps have been using rocks
  • used archaeology to figure it out
  • demonstrated that in a particular African forest, rocks have been used for about 4300 yrs to open palm nuts
36
Q

tests of creative tool use in captivity

-most important finding?

A
  • jars of honey, lever device to get into room
  • do in zoos
  • transmission of learned behavior between groups
37
Q

Japanese macaque examples of prototyping

A

stone handling: carrying, clacking, rubbing on surface, playing music
-going into hot springs in the winter

38
Q

capuchin examples of prototyping

A
  • use rocks to break open pine nuts

- cultural passing on

39
Q

Jill Pruetz

A
  • chimps to to entrance of caves on hot summer days

- not common behavior

40
Q

Gordon Gallop

  • which primates can do this?
  • which ones can’t?
A
  • mirror test to see if primates have a sense of self
  • see reflection and they use it, this means they have a sense of self
  • apes can do this, monkeys can’t
  • monkeys ignore it/can’t tell it’s them
41
Q

controversy over mirror test

A

-some don’t believe it works

42
Q

mirror neurons

A
  • special nerve cells that are designed to imitate
  • may explain mechanisms for behavior
  • sets foundation for more complicated learning
  • actions–>sounds and sounds–>actions can be traced back to mirror neurons
43
Q

Emil Menzel and Sally Boysen

  • what did they study?
  • what did they find?
A
  • object constancy
  • are objects out of sight out of mind?
  • or can they remember something when it’s not there
  • find object from real world on TV
  • they DO show object constancy
44
Q

things to look for when studying awareness of time

A
  • memories of the past
  • sense of loss
  • anticipation of the future
45
Q

sense of death

-chimp example

A
  • old matriarch Flo dies in 1972
  • son Flint would not leave the body to forage and died one month later
  • Jane Goodall says that chimps do have a sense of loss
46
Q

Theory of Mind

  • what is it?
  • what else does this relate to?
A
  • sense that there are other intelligent beings in our midst

- chimps have empathy; they see the world kind of like we do

47
Q

Sense of fairness/equality

A
  • food sharing
  • test this - use grape test
  • take token for cucumber or grape or not, on basis of what another monkey was given
  • response to unequal rewards
48
Q

response to unequal rewards

-who studied this?

A
  • Frans de Waal
  • when monkey sees that they are getting unequal reward, they stop playing
  • shows that they know there’s another being and that there’s a sense of fairness
49
Q

Deception and not sharing

A
  • Michael Tomasello

- one chimp finds food, may purposely decieve others by eating first and not making food call when supply is low

50
Q

Basic math in monkeys and college students -rdg

A

-nonverbal arithmetic is not unique to humans but instead part of an evolutionary primitive system for mathematical thinking shared by monkeys

51
Q

Rhesus monkeys do recognize themselves in the mirror-rdg

A
  • indication of self awareness
  • most monkeys are not self aware
  • but rhesus monkeys observed head implant and genitals in mirror
  • support for evolution of self-recognition

Primate Behavior 3 (5 decks)

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