Morphology Flashcards
affix
A bound (nonword) morpheme that changes the meaning or the function of a root or stem to which it is attached. i.e.: prefix “ad” and suffix “ing” in “adjoining.”
affixation
Affixation is a morphological process whereby a bound morpheme, an affix, is attached to a morphological base.
agglutinating language
form words through the combination of smaller morphemes to express compound ideas
allomorph
Nondistinctive realizations of a particular morpheme that have the same function and are phonetically similar. For example, the English plural morpheme can appear as [s] as in cats, [z] as in dogs, or [‘z] as in churches
alternation
the phenomenon of a morpheme exhibiting variation in its phonological realization
ambiguity
a quality of language that makes speech or written text open to multiple interpretations
analytic language
is a language that conveys relationships between words in sentences primarily by way of helper words (particles, prepositions, etc.) and word order
bound morpheme
Morphemes that must be connected to another and cannot stand alone
bound root
a root which cannot occur as a separate word apart from any other morpheme.
closed lexical category
Closed classes include pronouns, conjunctions, determiners, and determiners
compounding
Combining words to make new word; meaning=not always predictable; ex. greenhouse, redneck; chalkboard; slipshod.
conjunction
are typically function morphemes, since they either serve to tie elements together grammaticall
content morpheme
(the stems of) nouns, verbs, adjectives are typically these.
content word
words that have meaning.New content words are constantly added to the English language; old content words constantly leave the language as they become obsolete.
derivation
the formation of a word by changing the form of the base or by adding affixes to it
determiner
a nominal syntactic category distinct both from adjectives and nouns.
form
The 4 parts of speech. (n,v,adj,adv) Because I prototypical members of each class share the ability to change their form by accepting derivational and/or inflectional morphemes.
free morpheme
A freestanding root or base of any word that cannot be further divided and still have meaning. (Farmer, farm is the root word)
function morpheme
is a morpheme which simply modifies the meaning of a word, rather than supplying the root meaning.
function word
expressing syntactic relationships between units in a sentence, or obligatorily-marked categories such as number or tense.
fusional language
a language that forms words by the fusion (rather than the agglutination) of morphemes, so that the constituent elements of a word are not kept distinct.
hierarchical structure
The constituent morphemes of a word can be organized into a branching, sometimes called a tree structure.
homophony
the linguistic phenomenon whereby words of different origins become identical in pronunciation.
incorporation
a phenomenon by which a grammatical category, such as a verb, forms a compound with its direct object
infix
is an affix inserted inside a word stem (an existing word or the core of a family of words)
inflection
input
input refers to the processible language the learners are exposed to while listening or reading
lexical category
classes of words (e.g., noun, verb, preposition), which differ in how other words can be constructed out of them
lexicon
the total stock of words and word elements that carry meaning.
morpheme
Smallest unit of meaning in a word, also may supply information identifying grammatical relationships
morphology
identification, analysis and description of the structure of words
open lexical category
the new word and the original word belong to the same category
output
partial reduplication
involves consonant ablaut or vowel alternation (e.g. / i-æ/ as in rip rap and /i-o/ as in ping pong). There are three types of partial reduplications namely vowel alternations, onset alternations and rhyming words.
polysynthetic language
languages in which words are composed of many morphemes (word parts that have independent meaning but may or may not be able to stand alone).
prefix
affix appended BEFORE the root; can only be derivational in English (pre-date)
preposition
word that shows how two words are related. Generally a preposition connects a noun or pronoun with another noun or pronoun.
productive
the degree to which speakers of a language use a particular grammatical process, especially in word formation.
pronoun
a word or a group of words that one may substitute for a noun or noun phrase.
reduplicant
the repeated portion of a word
reduplication
a morphological process in linguistics where the root word or a part of it is repeated, perhaps with a slight change, to form a new word
root
either a base word, or a part of a word to which affixes are added.
simultaneous affix
an affix that takes place at the same time as its base.
stem
the root or roots of a word, together with any derivational affixes, to which inflectional affixes are added
suffix
Morphemes added to the ends of words
suppletion
Suppletion is the replacement of one stem with another, resulting in an allomorph of a morpheme which has no phonological similarity to the other allomorphs.
