More questions Flashcards
What is another name for convenience sample
accidental sample
What is the most used and practical approach to convenience sampling
consecutive sampling
What is consecutive sampling
recruiting all patients who meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria as they become available.
Use of volunteers is considered what type of sampling
convenience
when the researcher has control for the potential confounding effect of known characteristics of a population by guiding the sampling process so that an adequate number of subjects are obtained for each stratum
quota sampling
researcher handpicks subjects on the basis of specific criteria
purposive sampling
sampling method most often used to study sensitive topics, rare traits, personal networks, and social relationship
snowball sampling
the ability to find significant differences when they exist
power
You select your __________ first for research
topic
many beginning researchers approach the initial phase of research by looking for ________ rather than topic
question
research problems emerge from what 3 possibilites
clinical experience
clinical theory
professional literature
Research question should have these 3 characteristics to determine if it is worth pursuing
important, answerable, feasible
Target population also known as
reference population
target population is
refers to the group of individuals to which the results of the study will apply
provides a logical argument that shows how and why the question was developed
research rational
a property that can differentiate members of a group or set
variables
concepts can also be known as
factors
a response or effect that is presumed to vary depending on the independent variable
dependent variable
a condition, intervention, or characteristic that will predict or cause a given outcome
independent variable
which variable is given values/levels
independent
dictionary definition
conceptual definition, describes variables in general terms
defines a variable according to its unique meaning within a study
operational definition
What are the four types of research objectives
descriptive
measuring instruments
exploration of relationships
comparison
descriptive studies use these to describe the study’s purpose
specific aims or guiding questions
for experimental investigations and many exploratory studies involving the examination of relactionships
hypothesis
hypotheses based on theoretical premise, allowing a clinician to predict what outcomes would be expected under a given set of conditions
deductive
hypotheses based on trends, regularities, patterns, or relationships that are observed in clinical practice
inductive hypotheses
state’s the researcher’s true expectation of results, guiding the interperation of outcomes and conclusions
research hypothesis
the statistical hypothesis is called the
null hypothesis
will always express no difference or no relationship between the independent and dependent variables
null hypothesis
there is a difference, but does not predict the direction
nondirectional hypotheses
there is a difference, and predicts the relationship rather than just stating there is a difference
directional hypotheses
complex hypotheses are often _______________ hypotheses because of the potential difficulty in clarifying multiple relationships
non-directional
provides a foundation for a research study. Helps us understand what is already known, what has already been done, and how we can contribute further to the current state of knowledge
review of literature
is validity inherent to an instrument
no, must be evaluated within the context of the test’s intended use
is validity as straight forward as establishing reliability
no, because measurement inferences are difficult to verify
least rigorous method of documenting a test’s validity
face validity
type of validity that refers to the adequacy with which the universe is sampled by a test
content validity
what type of validity is important characteristic for questionnaires, examinations, inventories, and interviews that attempt to evaluate a range of information by selected test items
content validity
the most practical and objective approach to validity testing
criterion-related
useful in situations where a new or untested tool is potentially more efficient, easier to administer, more practical, or safer than another more established method, and is being proposed as an alternative
concurrent validity
Examples of predictive validity
TUG, Berg for risk of patients falling
definitions of these are determined only by the instrument used to measure them
constructs
issues that affect validity change
level of measurement(use of nominal, ordinal, interval or ration)
reliability
stability
baseline scores
