Exam 3 Flashcards
When a sample is selected based on percentage or representation of a specific characteristic in the accessible population this is an example probability sampling?
Proportional stratified sampling
A researcher takes his/her population and selects subjects according to a random numbers table. This type of sampling is termed which of the following?
Simple random sampling
Alternate forms of a measure can provide a protection against which threat to validity?
Practice effects
A clinician wants to use a new measure reported in a research report with a current patient. To determine if the patient change is significant, the research report must indicate which of the following?
Minimal clinically important difference (MCID)
A researcher is unable to use random assignment and must designate one clinic as the experimental setting and another as the control setting. Which of the following is the best approach to enhance the internal validity of the study?
Match participants in the two settings on important client characteristics.
A study that has good external validity is also a study with good generalizability:
True
A study comparing the effects of strengthening exercise versus aerobic exercise on bone density is planned with a randomly selected and assigned sample. A hypothesis that gender of the individual will make a difference is added to the study and gender is now included as an independent variable in the study. The variable “gender” is now called which of the following?
Attribute variable
Many studies conducted in elementary school academic setting do not use a control group. These studies are particularly susceptible to which of the following threats?
Maturation
One benefit of a large sample that exceeds the minimum power analysis size is that is:
Enhances the external validity of the study
A researcher takes his population, separates into four classes by specific characteristics and then takes a random sample from each class. This type of sampling is termed which of the following?
Proportional stratified sampling
A one-way posttest-only control group design can have multiple levels of the independent variable:
True
A researcher is interested in helping those individuals with the most severe depression by providing a brief cognitive behavior intervention. The individuals that fall within the top 5% of scores on the Beck Depression Inventory are recruited to participate. Without a control group which threat to validity would concern you most?
regression to the mean
In an effectiveness study which type of validity is stressed?
External validity
Which of the following should be a priority for consideration when a researcher wants to maximize construct validity or an experimental design?
Operational definitions
Which sampling technique provides the greatest confidence in the sample’s validity and most accurately reflects a population’s characteristics?
Random sampling
The “Nun Study” is a long term study examining the effects of gaining. It is called the nun study because the participants are nuns who have lived a similar lifestyle for most of their adult lives. This study’s strength lies in its protection against:
History
To increase validity of an experimental study and protect for a sampling bias threat, the researcher does which of the following?
Randomly assign subjects to the treatment and control groups
A randomized controlled trial with a pretest and post test protects against maturation threats to validity:
True
Which of the following is an appropriate research question?
Can physical therapists function effectively as case managers for patients with osteoporosis following a fracture as measured by time to additional fracture?
When a researcher selects a few subjects based on availability then asks these subjects to identify friends or acquaintances who might be interested in being in the study, this sampling technique is termed which of the following?
Snowball sampling
A subject enrolled in a study on falls prevention with a repeated measures design begins to feel more comfortable with the single leg stance test after the second testing of four planned measures. This threat to internal validity would be categorized as which of the following?
Testing
Although the use of a pretest is generally desirable, what threat to validity may actually increase when including a pretest?
Testing
When multiple interventions are being administered in a sequential order with each subject getting a different order of interventions, this researcher has designed protections for threats of which of the following effects?
Order effects
Which of the following terms describes the research design; random assignment goes into pretest of both control and experimental group, then they both take a post-test
control group, true experiment, pretest-posttest, one-way
In a research study 3 groups are identified: a control group, a standard treatment group, and an experimental group. The researcher believes that sex and age will make a difference in the outcomes so there must be equal representation of sex and age in each group. For every male selected, a female of approximately the same age in placed in the same group so that gender and age are approximately equal in all groups. This type of assignment to groups is termed which of the following?
matching
Results collected in single-subject designs is presented in which of the following ways?
graphically
Low statistical power is a threat under which type of experimental validity?
Statistical conclusion validity
A researcher is conducting a study to determine validity of the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) as a measure of physical capacity. The gold standard of maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) is being used as the measurement (IV). The researcher has one group of subjects who are getting a VO2max. This research design would be called which of the following?
One-way repeated measures design
When subjects are chosen for a sample on the basis of availability which of the following sampling techniques is being used?
Convenience sampling
A subject enrolled in a treatment group of an exercise intervention study joining a gym during the study and begins additional exercise not controlled by the study. The threat to internal validity would be categorized as which of the following?
history
If a researcher uses very specific inclusion and exclusion criteria to create a homogeneous sample, which type of experimental validity is threatened?
external validity
In research the difference between the outcome and the initial score is properly termed which of the following?
change score
Celeration line, split middle line, stability and trend are all terms used in analysis of which of the following research designs?
single-subject
Which of the following threats to internal validity would be a situation whereby an elderly subject drops out of an aerobic exercise study when she develops angina while exercising?
attrition
When a single subject design is listed as: A – B – A – C – A – D – A, it is best described as which of the following?
repeated measure, three intervention
To control for the Hawthorne Effect and/or the Rosenthal Effect which of the following is an effective protection to the threat that can be included in the experimental design?
Design a double-blind study
Which of the following is the major difference between true experimental and quasi-experimental designs?
Lack of randomization and/or lack of a control group
A study sample should be drawn from which of the following?
Accessible Population
If a researcher uses a statistical test which has an assumption of independent groups in a study in which convenience samples were recruited, which type of experimental validity is threatened?
Statistical validity
How many independent variables are found in a 2-way factorial design?
2
Identifying exclusion criteria prior to selecting subjects for a research study is a method to control for which of the following?
confounding factors
When designing a randomized control trial, which of the following groups is considered representative of the characteristics of the population being studied?
study sample
Match each of the phases of clinical trials with the word that best describes the phase: pre-clinical phase phase I trial phase II trial phase III trial phase IV trial
bench research safety effectiveness randomized generalizability
