Exam 2 Flashcards
A researcher takes his population, separates into 4 classes by specific characteristics and then takes a random sample from each class. This type of sample is termed which of the following?
Proportional stratified sampling
Systematic sampling:
pick a number like 10 by choice not randomly choosing number 10, then choose every 10th person; organized first in a pre-numbered list or alphabetically
Simple random sampling:
population not organized first, random table of numbers
Define sampling bias:
Occurs when the individuals selected for a sample over represent or underrepresent certain population attributes that are related to the phenomenon under study
For your research you have identified 3 subjects that meet your inclusion criteria and then you ask each subject to recommend another person who also meets the inclusion criteria. You are using which of the following sampling techniques?
Snowball sampling
Quota sampling:
identify specific class of inclusion criteria and select subjects so that all classes equally represented.
Purposive sampling:
identify very specific inclusion criteria and personally hand select subjects who meet criteria
Convenience sampling:
using a volunteer who responds to recruitment ads for research subjects.
Research purpose also known as:
Research Objectives (also theses: specific aims, objective, hypothesis, purpose)
Identify a research topic of interest you have in PT:
a TOPIC is a broad area!!! When you get too specific it is a PROBLEM. (ex. patient satisfaction or e-stim)
In an experiment study factors that the researcher is unable to control are considered to be which of the following?
Limitations
In order to determine true cause-and-effect between the independent and dependent variables it is important that the instrument of measurement display which of the following characteristics?
Responsiveness
In research, a predictor variable is called the _____ variable, while the outcome variable is called the _____ variable.
independent, dependent
Probability samples are created through what kind of sampling process?
random selection
Non probability samples are created through all of the following sample processes except
RANDOM SELECTION
The null hypothesis also called?
statistical hypothesis
The research hypotheses is defined by which statement?
stating the researcher’s true expectation of results, guiding the interpretation of outcomes and conclusion
The researcher has stated his hypothesis as the following: “There will be a greater level in perceived learning between students enrolled in online courses than those enrolled in on-campus courses.” This is an example of which of the following types of hypothesis?
Directional hypothesis (independent: teaching techniques)
The statement “there will be a difference in…”, used in a hypothesis would indicate it is which of the following types of hypotheses?
Nondirectional hypothesis
When a researcher presents his/her results in a presentation or publication, this is considered what?
Primary source
Secondary source:
when a researcher presents information of another researcher’s study in a presentation or publication
What is considered an operational definition?
Adult is defined as “a subject over the age of 18”
Operational definition: the need to describe how a specific concept is to be interested
Which of the following statements best describes a population?
The defined aggregate of subjects who meet inclusion criteria
“Measure” is defined as:
an empirical representation of an underlying concept or construct, the numeral or category assigned to an object, event, or person according to pre-set rules
A PT researcher has developed a test for balance and administers the new test at the same time as the Berg Balance Scale to measure which type of validity?
Concurrent validity (test you have is concurrent with the gold standard or other tests that have are known to be valid)
Face validity:
lowest level (there is NO HIGH LEVEL), you look at it and it “looks ok”. Ex) standing on one leg would predict good gait.
What are the cut off scores for poor, moderate and good reliability?
0.75 good
no reliability = 0.10
A researcher is completing a study to validate the cutoff scores from a new test on a different group of subjects, this type of study is termed which of the following?
Cross-validation
Another term for homogeneity in data is which of the following?
Internal consistency
Content validity is measured by which of the following methods?
Panel of experts
A researcher asks fellow faculty to receive a questionnaire to verify content. This is an example of:
content validity
Define “formative evaluation” in plain language:
assessment of a program during developmental stages to determine how it should be implemented and ongoing assessment of operation of the program.
In measurement, what is meant by the term “measurement error”?
the difference between true value and observed value
In measurement, what is the term “systematic error”?
Predictable yet consistent difference in measurement.
A pt clinic has been using a specific hallway with distance markers as a track for doing 6 minute walk. The hallway was measured wrong. What type of error would it be if they fixed their data by adding the correct amount of feet to each answer to make the data correct?
Systematic error (consistent)
In measurement, what is the definition of “reliability”?
the extent to which a measurement is consistent and free of error
Define measurement:
the numerical or category assigned to an object event, or person according to pre-set rules.
Match each of the following types of data with the level of measurement as it represents: Gender
nominal scale
Match each of the following types of data with the level of measurement as it represents: Age
ratio scale or interval
Match each of the following types of data with the level of measurement as it represents: Systolic Blood pressure
interval
Match each of the following types of data with the level of measurement as it represents: Visual analog pain scale
interval
Match each of the following types of data with the level of measurement as it represents: Above standards, below standards
ordinal scale
Match each of the following types of data with the level of measurement as it represents: Diagnosis
nominal
MDD:
the smallest amount of difference that passes the threshold of error
MCID:
indicates the amount of change in scale points that must occur to determine that change is meaningful in a test
Specificity is also known as the:
true negative
Specificity in measurement:
a tests ability to obtain negative test when the condition is absent
Consistency is also known as:
reliability
Patient’s scores are 12, 10, 14. They are reported as 12. What is this called?
Regression toward the mean
The mathematical range of a reliability coefficient is:
0.00 to 1.00
Patient cant complete test, has gotten worse:
floor effect
Validity is consistent and does not change for a specific test/measurement:
false
Screening for risk factors, the instrument should have which of the following?
Predictive validity
“a statement of quality, goodness, merit, value, or worthiness about what has been assessed”
evaluation
You have designed a study to investigate if student’s scores on a modalities test improve if students participate in a study group or not. Using only this info, the variable represented by the test score can be described as which of the following?
Dependent & Continuous (test score is continuous from 0-?)
Measure:
numeral/category assigned to an object or person according to pre-set rules
Patient researcher has developed a test for balance and administered a new test AT SAME TIME as a Berg balance test-
Concurrent validity
Type of validation used when we have cutoff scores and those scores are compared with scores of a new test on a different group of subjects-
Cross validation: when an original sample of a test would yield a sample score, and that score will be compared with other experimental samples
Formative evaluation:
assessment of a program during developmental stages to determine how it should be implemented and ongoing assessment of operation of the program
Reliability is also having ___ of response under given conditions
CONSISTENCY
Type of validity using a gold standard=
criterion-related validity
Which of the following can affect a test’s reliability?
Fatigue, practice, time between testing, precision of measurement, etc.
Rater reliability, intra and inter, assessed using which statistical measure; Also used for reliability?
ICC
True/False: Research independently studying a similar research question should naturally follow theoretical framework?
False
Which of the following defines research question?
theoretical framework
Include gender in your research study. Mark all that apply:
discrete, dichotomous, attribute
A synonym for control is:
vigor
When generalizing results of a research study to a larger population than the sample that was studied during the research, this process of generalizing involves which type of reasoning?
Inductive reasoning
