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Fall 2013- Exam's Research > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

A single subject design is listed as:

A-B-A-C-A-D-A, it is best described as which of the following?

A

Repeated measure, three intervention

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2
Q

A researcher takes his/her population and selects subjects according to a random numbers table. This type of sampling is termed which of the following?

A

Simple random sampling

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3
Q

Surveys and questionnaires collect which of the following types of data?

A

Subjective

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4
Q

Alternate forms of a measure can provide a protection against which threat to validity?

A

Practice effects

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5
Q

When subjects are chosen for a sample on the basis of availability which of the following sampling techniques is being used?

A

Convenience sampling

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6
Q

A DPT student has selected a condition to analyze for her terminal project. She will use the completed medical records of five patients with the condition as the basis for the analysis. This type of research is best termed which of the following?

A

Case series

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7
Q

The errors of measurement due to chance is represented Best by which of the following terms?

A

Random error

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8
Q

Which of the following is an appropriate research question?

A

Can physical therapists function effectively as case managers for patients with osteoporosis following a fracture as measured by time to additional fracture?

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9
Q

A group of researchers is proposing a study to look at factors associated with professionalism and physical therapist. They have proposed to study the class of 2015 over the next 20 years. The study design is best term which of the following?

A

Longitudinal

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10
Q

Which of the following statements best describes the purpose of theory?

A

A set of interrelated concepts, definitions, or propositions that specifies relationships among variables and represents a systematic be a specific phenomena

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11
Q

Identifying exclusion criteria prior to selecting subjects for research study is a method to control for which of the following?

A

Confounding factors

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12
Q

A determination of good reliability would be made when the reliability coefficient is below what level?

A

0.75-1.00

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13
Q

In a randomized control trial examining a weight-loss intervention, some of the participants in the intervention group began asking some of the participants in the no intervention control group if they would be an exercise buddy. This presents a threat to which type of the validity?

A

History

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14
Q

Which of the following threats to internal validity would be a situation whereby an elderly subject drops out of an aerobic exercise study when she developed angina while exercising?

A

Attrition

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15
Q

A researcher is unable to use random assignment and must designate one clinic as an experimental setting and another as a control setting. Which of the following is a best approach to enhance internal validity of the study?

A

Match participants in the two settings on important client characteristics

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16
Q

The TUG has which of the following types of validity as related to the risk of falls?

A

Predictive validity

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17
Q

Procedures used to protect internal validity often conflict with the external validity and vice versa. Recognizing this conflict, the process of examining that efficacy of an intervention from both an internal and external validity perspective usually follows which process?

A

An emphasis on internal validity protections first and then consider external validity threats

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18
Q

“Measurement” is defined as…

A

The numeral or category assigned to an object, event, or person according to pre-set rules

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19
Q

Another term for homogeneity in data is which of the following terms?

A

Internal consistency

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20
Q

Which research design documents conditions, attitudes, or characteristics of individuals or groups?

A

Qualitative research design

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21
Q

The physical therapist has instructed the patient with balance issues due to poor hip strategies to use a walker and a step to gate keeping the walker in front of the body for ambulation. The patient, however, on the second visit is using a step to gate pattern walking up to the walker. The PT explained to the patient that the therapist way is best and that is why the patient is paying for their expertise. The knowledge is used by the PT to help the patient understand would be which of the following?

A

Authority

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22
Q

Survey and questionnaire items may be posted to subjects in all of the following ways except which method?

A

Direct observation

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23
Q

Nonprobability samples are created through all of the following sampling processes except which one?

A

Random selection

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24
Q

Research involving human subjects requires that each subject the appropriately informed and consents to participation in the research study. Which of the following is non-element of informed consent required by federal law when conducting research involving human subjects?

A

Disclosing the research hypothesis is for the study

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25
Q

A type of interview in which the interviewer has a fixed agenda is termed which of the following:

A

Structured

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26
Q

When multiple interventions are being administered in a sequential order with each subject getting a different order of interventions, the researcher has designed protections for threats of which of the following effects?

A

Order effects

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27
Q

Which of the following is ultimately responsible and accountable for the protection of human subjects in a research study?

A

Primary investigator

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28
Q

For a study on attitudes of the athletic trainers towards the DPT, the researcher randomly selected 10 different states, and then 10 different practice sites and interviewed the two ATC’s from each practice site. This type of sampling is called which of the following?

A

Cluster sampling

29
Q

The researcher has stated his hypothesis as the following: there will be a greater level and perceived learning between students enrolled in online courses then those enrolled in on-campus courses. This is an example of which of the following types of hypothesis?

A

Directional hypothesis

30
Q

The measurement of the effects of the interventions on functional limitation or disablement is termed which of the following?

A

Outcome

31
Q

One benefit of a large sample that exceeds the minimum power analysis size is that it:

A

Enhances the external validity of the study

32
Q

A researcher wants to design a study to explain her. Of how participating in volunteer work impacts development of a personal ethical code. The research design that would best allow a theory to be described is called which of the following?

A

Grounded theory

33
Q

Which of the following describes clinical research?

A

All of the above

34
Q

List at least five things that must be included in a research informed consent form.

A

Consent form, right to withdrawl, purpose of the study, potential risks and benefits, signature

35
Q

The researchers were interested in developing criteria to protect success for applicants and graduate program. They reviewed applications, transcripts, and grades of students admitted over the past four years. To document predictors. Which of the following best describes this type of study?

A

Retrospective

36
Q

The physical therapist has instructed the patient to use a cane in the hand opposite that involved extremity. The patient, however, on the second visit is using the cane in the hand of the side of the involvement. The patient explains he feels safer using it this way. The PT tries to convince the patient to change their way of using the cane by explaining that using the cane in the hand opposite the side opposite the problem is the way all physical therapist do it. The knowledge used by the patient to justify their way would be which of the following?

A

Tradition

37
Q

In a study where the intervention is designed to improve handwriting skills the intervention group receives time and attention from the occupational therapist while the control group does not seeing occupational therapist. This threat to validity to the experimental group is often referred to as?

A

Hawthorne effect

38
Q

A PT researcher has developed a test for observational gate analysis and administers the new test at the same time as a computerized the analysis in order to measure which type of validity for the new test?

A

Concurrent validity

39
Q

Criterion–related validity is defined as which of the following?

A

Ability of one test to predict results obtained on an external criteria; the degree to which the outcomes of one test correlate with outcomes on a criterion test; can be assessed as concurrent validity or predictive validity.

40
Q

A Delphi survey differs from a typical questionnaire in which of the following ways?

A

Several rounds of the same questionnaire are administered

41
Q

The response to Likert scale question is called which of the following scales?

A

Summative scale

42
Q

“triangulation” is a term used in qualitative research. Explain in no more than two sentences what triangulation is and in what phase of the research process it is used.

A

Triangulation is a process whereby concepts are confirmed using more than one source of data, more than one data collection method, or more than one set of researchers. It is used to support theoretical framework, for example to confirm ideas or confirmation of conclusions.

43
Q

Which of the following is the best definition of exploratory research?

A

The investigation of outcomes of multiple factors that determines relationships among variables; if one variable is the cause of another variable.

44
Q

A researcher is evaluating the impact of different intensities of exercise on strength improvement. Using the FITT model, frequency, time, and type of exercise are consistent and three different intensities are being used with three cohorts. Which of the following terms best describes this dose-response relationship study?

A

Causality; the severity of the disease can be associated with varying levels of exposure

45
Q

Low statistical power is a threat under which type of experimental validity?

A

Statistical conclusion validity

46
Q

Correlational studies do which of the following?

A

Describes the nature of existing relationships among variables; data from this study often provides the rationale for clinical decisions or the generation of hypotheses.

47
Q

Content validity is best described as which of the following?

A

The quality of a test that it evaluates all characteristics of the variable of interest

48
Q

Gold standards and reference standards are used to establish which of the following types of validity?

A

Criterion-related validity

49
Q

Researchers have collected data on a large, random population of 4-5 year-old children to determine motor function milestones. This type of research design is best described as which of the following?

A

Developmental Research

50
Q

Minimally clinical important difference indicates that amount of change in scale points that must occur to determine that change is meaningful in a test

A

True

51
Q

A randomized controlled trial is the strongest design for clinical decision-making because it provides protection against all threats to validity.

A

True

52
Q

A type of question that presents to extreme opposites on a continuum is called which of the following?

A

Semantic Differential

53
Q

When selecting an instrument to use measuring cognitive status at a given point in time, the instrument should have which of the following types of validity?

A

construct validity

54
Q

Rasch analysis is used with which type of data?

A

Ordinal

55
Q

Which of the following is the major difference between true experimental and quasi–experimental designs?

A

Lack of randomization and/or lack of a control group

56
Q

All the following advantages of using a written questionnaire to collect data except which one?

A

Written questions are easily understood

The following are advantages:

  • more efficient because respondent completes at one time
  • can gather data from large sample in a relatively short amount of time
  • standardize format protects against researcher bias from interactions with the interviewer
  • anonymity is provided
  • ability to reach a large sample
57
Q

A study designed to determine the use of vitamins among elderly patients was conducted in two separate clinics. In clinic A, data was collected by paper questionnaire without assistance. And in clinic B, the questionnaire was administered by researcher who read the questions to the patients. The use of two different data collection methods produces which type of bias in the study?

A

Interviewer bias: individual collecting data elicits, records, or interprets information differentially from controls and cases

58
Q

A researcher followed a single PT class through their DPT studies and has written a paper describing the educational experience based on the observations of the class interactions, various artifacts, and interviews of many individuals. The best and most specific descriptor for this type of design would be which of the following?

A

Ethnography

59
Q

Which of the following best describes the sampling in a case-control study?

A

Two groups, one with the condition under study, one without the condition under study

60
Q

Which of the following best describes a repeated-measures design (aka within-subjects design)?

A

One group with all the subjects acting as their own control

61
Q

In order to determine true cause and effect between the independent and dependent variables is important that the instrument of measurement display which of the following characteristics?

A

Responsiveness

62
Q

In a research study, the need to describe how a specific concept is to be interpreted is termed which of the following?

A

Operational definition

63
Q

Which of the following is an open ended question to elicit an opinion or attitude?

A

Tell me why you like vacations

64
Q

Which of the following should be a priority for consideration when a researcher wants to maximize construct validity of an experimental design?

A

Experimental bias

65
Q

The aim of this study is to develop a new tool to determine risk for osteoporosis. The term to describe this type of study is which of the following?

A

Methodological

66
Q

A DPT student has selected a condition to analyze first terminal project. He will use the complete medical records of the patient with the condition as a basis for the analysis. This type the research is best termed which the following?

A

Case study

Case series would be the same thing but reviewing 5 patients instead of 1.

67
Q

In selecting an assessment measure to use on a patient to determine the need for additional therapy, the patient therapist should select a measure with which of the following types of validity?

A

Predictive validity

68
Q

A researcher has completed a research project on the health disparities of Hispanic males between the ages of 14-18 years. Results of the study would be an example of which of the following?

A

Population-specific reliability

Fall 2013- Exam's Research (6 decks)

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