Exam 2 Practice Test Questions Flashcards
A researcher takes his population, separates into 4 classes by specific characteristics and then takes a random sample from each class. This type of sample is termed which of the following?
proportional stratified sampling
An example of Systematic sampling:
pick a number like 10 by choice not randomly choosing number 10, then choose every 10th person; organized first in a pre-numbered list or alphabetically
Simple random sampling:
population not organized first
Define sampling bias:
Occurs when the individuals selected for a sample overrepresent or underrepresent certain population attributes that are related to the phenomenon under study
For your research you have identified 3 subjects that meet your inclusion criteria and then you ask each subject to recommend another person who also meets the inclusion criteria. You are using which of the following sampling techniques?
Snowball sampling
Research purpose also known as:
Research Objectives (also theses: specific aims, objective, hypothesis, purpose)
Identify a research topic of interest you have in PT:
a TOPIC is a broad area!!! When you get too specific it is a PROBLEM. An example would be patient satisfaction or e-stim
In an experiment study factors that the researcher is unable to control are considered to be which of the following?
Limitations
In order to determine true cause-and-effect between the independent and dependent variables it is important that the instrument of measurement display which of the following characteristics?
Responsiveness
In research, a predictor variable is called the _____ variable, while the outcome variable is called the _____ variable.
independent, dependent
Probability samples are created through what kind of sampling process?
random selection
The null hypothesis also called?
statistical hypothesis
The research hypotheses is defined by which statement?
stating the researcher’s true expectation of results, guiding the interpretation of outcomes and conclusion
- The researcher has stated his hypothesis as the following: “There will be a greater level in perceived learning between students enrolled in online courses than those enrolled in on-campus courses.” This is an example of which of the following types of hypothesis?
Directional hypothesis (independent: teaching techniques)
- The statement “there will be a difference in…”, used in a hypothesis would indicate it is which of the following types of hypotheses?
Nondirectional hypothesis
When a researcher presents his/her results in a presentation or publication, this is considered what?
Primary source
What is considered an operational definition?
Adult is defined as “a subject over the age of 18”
Which of the following statements best describes a population?
The defined aggregate of subjects who meet inclusion criteria
“Measure” is defined as:
an empirical representation of an underlying concept or construct, the numeral or category assigned to an object, event, or person according to pre-set rules
A PT researcher has developed a test for balance and administers the new test at the same time as the Berg Balance Scale to measure which type of validity?
Concurrent validity (test you have is concurrent with the gold standard or other tests that have are known to be valid)
A determination of poor reliability would be made when the reliability coefficient is below what level?
0.5
A researcher is completing a study to validate the cutoff scores from a new test on a different group of subjects, this type of study is termed which of the following?
Cross-validation
Another term for homogeneity in data is which of the following?
Internal consistency
Content validity is measured by which of the following methods?
Panel of experts
Define “formative evaluation” in plain language:
assessment of a program during developmental stages to determine how it should be implemented and ongoing assessment of operation of the program.
Face validity:
when it appears to test what it is supposed to
In measurement, what is meant by the term “measurement error”?
the difference between true value and observed value
Name the type of data with the level of measurement: GENDER
nominal scale
Name the type of data with the level of measurement: AGE
ratio scale or interval
Name the type of data with the level of measurement: SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE
interval
Name the type of data with the level of measurement: VISUAL ANALOG PAIN SCALE
interval
Name the type of data with the level of measurement: ABOVE STANDARDS, BELOW STANDARDS
ordinal scale
Name the type of data with the level of measurement: DIAGNOSIS
nominal
MDD:
the smallest amount of difference that passes the threshold of error
Specificity is also known as the:
true negative
Consistency is also known as:
reliability
Patient’s scores are 12, 10, 14. They are reported as 12. What is this called?
Regression toward the mean
The mathematical range of a reliability coefficient is:
0.00 to 1.00
Patient cant complete test, has gotten worse:
floor effect
Validity is consistent and does not change for a specific test/measurement (true/false):
false
Screening for risk factors, the instrument should have which of the following?
Predictive validity
“a statement of quality, goodness, merit, value, or worthiness about what has been assessed”
evaluation
You have designed a study to investigate if student’s scores on a modalities test improve if students participate in a study group or not. Using only this info, the variable represented by the test score can be described as which of the following?
Dependent & Continuous (test score is continuous from 0-?)
Measure is:
numeral/category assigned to an object or person according to pre-set rules
Patient researcher has developed a test for balance and administered a new test AT SAME TIME as a Berg balance test
Concurrent validity
Type of validation used when we have cutoff scores and those scores are compared with scores of a new test on a different group of subjects
Cross validation: when an original sample of a test would yield a sample score, and that score will be compared with other experimental samples
Reliability:
extent to which a measurement is CONSISTENT and FREE FROM ERROR
is also having CONSISTENCY of response under given conditions
Type of validity using a gold standard:
criterion-related validity
