more on anatomy of male and female Flashcards
(136 cards)
1
Q
care of woman during childbirth
A
Obstetrics
2
Q
obstare
A
to keep watch
3
Q
care during pregnancy and post-partum period
A
Obstetrics
4
Q
productive health specific to women
A
Gynecology
5
Q
derived from paes- child
A
Pediatrics
6
Q
two separate entities :
A
maternal care and child health care
7
Q
Philosophy of Maternal and Child Health Nursing
A
- maternal and child health nursing is family centered
- “” community centered
- “” evidence based = best available science into their practice
- Maternal and child health nurse serves as an advocate
- “”” includes a high degree of independent nursing functions (independent = w/o consent of the doctor, dependent = w/ consent)
- promoting health and disease prevention are important nursing roles
- Maternal and child health nurses serve as important resources for families during childbearing and childrearing
- Personal, cultural, and religious attitudes and beliefs influence the meaning and impact of childbearing and childrearing on families
- Circumstances such as illness or pregnancy are meaningful only in the context of a total life
- maternal and child health nursing is a challenging role for nurses and a major factor in keeping families well and optimally functioning
8
Q
GOALS
A
promotion and maintenance of optimal family health
9
Q
the range of practice includes:
- pre-conceptual health care
A
- during three trimesters of pregnancy and puerperium: 6 weeks after child birth to return to their normal condition
- care of children during the perinatal period ( 6 weeks before conception to 6 weeks after birth) - dapat planned yung pregnancy to prevent abnormalities.
- custody of children from birth to adolescence
- care in settings as varied as the birthing room, the pediatric intensive care unit, and the home in all environments and types of care, keeping the family at the center of care delivery is an essential goal.
- If a family’s level of functioning is low, the emotional, physical, and social health and potential of individuals in that family can be adversely affected.
10
Q
having children
A
Childbearing
11
Q
how they are brought up
A
childrearing
12
Q
The continuum for maternal, newborn and child health usually refers to the
A
continuity of
individual care.
13
Q
It is the ______ based on integrated service delivery
throughout the life cycle and promote health for
mothers, babies, and children
A
population level or public-health framework
14
Q
Main objective of DOH motherhood program
A
have full
access to quality maternal health care
services
15
Q
DOH OBJECTIVES
A
- collaborating with LGUs in establishing a sustainable, cost-effecting approach of delivering health services…
- establishing core knowledge base and support systems that facilitate the delivery of quality maternal and newborn health services in the country
16
Q
FOUR PHASES OF HEALTH CARE ARE:
A
health promotion
Health Maintenance
Health Restoration
Health Rehabilitation
17
Q
educating parents and children to follow health practices through teaching and role modeling
A
health promotion
18
Q
intervening to maintain health when risk of illness is present
A
Health Maintenance
19
Q
using conscientious assessment to be certain that symptoms of illnesses are identified and interventions are begun to return client to wellness most rapidly
A
Health Restoration
20
Q
prevent complications from illness; helping a client with residual effects achieve an optimal state of wellness and independence helping a client to accept inevitable death
A
Health Rehabilitation
21
Q
COMMON MEASURES TO ENSURE FAMILY-CENTERED MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH CARE PRINCIPLE
A
- family is the basic unit of the society
- families represent racial, ethnic cultural, and socioeconomic diversity
- children grow both individually and as part of a family
22
Q
NURSING INTERVENTIONS
Key measures:
A
- consider the family as a whole as well as its individual members
- encourage families to reach out to their community so that family members are not isolated from their community or from each other
- encourage family bonding through rooming-in in both maternal and child health hospital settings
- participate in early hospital discharge programs to reunite families as soon as possible
- encourage family and sibling visits in the hospital to promote family contacts
- assess families for strengths as well as specific needs or challenges
- respect diversity in families as a unique quality of that family
- encourage families to give care to a newborn or ill child.
- share or initiate information on health planning with family member so that care is family oriented
23
Q
- most nursing theorists address is how nurses should be viewed or what the goals of nursing care should be
- extensive changes in the scope of maternal and child health nursing
- help protect not only current health bur also the next generation
A
Nursing Theory
24
Q
are methods by
which maternal and child health nursing
expands and improves.
-Is the conscientious, explicit, and
judicious use of current best evidence
in making decisions about the care of
patients and can be a combination of
research and clinical expertise.
A
Nursing research and use of
evidence based practice
25
The worth of evidence rank:
level 1 - least one properly designed randomized controlled trial
level 2 - without randomization, well designed cohor, or case control analytic studies
level 3- opinions of respected authorities, based on clinical experience, descriptive studies
26
Controlled investigation of problems that have implication for nursing practice provides evidence and justification for implementing activities for outcome achievement.
NURSING RESEARCH
27
Although the structures of the
female and male reproductive
systems differ greatly in both
appearance and function, they are
homologues- that is, they arise from
the same or matched embryonic
origin.
28
the study of the
female reproductive organs.
Gynecology—
29
the study of the male
reproductive organs.
Andrology
30
Female Reproductive System
A. External Genitalia
Vulva
Mons Veneris
Labia Minora
Labia Majora
Vestibule
Clitoris
Two Skene's glands
Bartholin's glands
Fourchette
Hymen
31
the structures that form the
female external genitalia.
Vulva
32
is a pad of adipose
tissue located over the symphysis
pubis, the pubic bone joint. It is
covered by a triangle of coarse, curly
hairs. The purpose of the mons
veneris is to protect the junction of
the pubic bone from trauma.
Mons Veneris
33
just posterior to the
mons veneris spread two hairless
folds of connective tissue, the labia
minora.
Labia minora
34
before menarche, these folds are___ ; childbearing age, they are ____;
fairly small ; firm
and full
35
after menopause, they are ____ and
again become much smaller. Normally
the folds of the labia minora are pink; the
internal surface is covered with ___, and the external surface with
____
after menopause, they are atrophy and
again become much smaller. Normally
the folds of the labia minora are pink; the
internal surface is covered with mucous
membrane, and the external surface with
skin
36
are two folds of
adipose tissue covered by loose
connective tissue and epithelium that
are positioned lateral to the labia
minora. Covered by pubic hair.
Labia Majora
37
Function of the labia majora
serves as
protection for the external genitalia and
the distal urethra and vagina.
38
is the flattened, smooth
surface inside the labia. The
openings to the bladder (the urethra)
and the uterus (the vagina) both arise
from the vestibule.
Vestibule
39
is a small (approx.. 1-2 cm),
rounded organ of erectile tissue at
the forward junction of the labia
minora. It is covered by a fold of
skin, the prepuce.
Clitoris
40
Function of clitoris
the clitoris is sensitive to
touch and temperature and is the center
of sexual arousal and orgasm in a
woman
41
(paraurethral
glands) are located just lateral to the
urinary meatus, one on each side.
Their ducts open into the urethra
Two skene’s glands
42
(vulvovaginal
glands) are located just lateral to the
vaginal opening on both sides. Their
ducts open into the distal vagina
Bartholin’s glands
43
Function of Two skene's glands and bartholin's glands
Secretions from both of these
glands help to lubricate the external
genitalia during coitus. The alkaline pH
of their secretions helps to improve
sperm survival in the vagina.
44
is the ridge of tissue
formed by the posterior joining of
the two labia minora and the labia
majora
Fourchette
45
This is the structure that is sometimes
cut (episiotomy) during childbirth to
enlarge the vaginal opening.
Fourchette
46
Posterior to the fourchette is the
_____
perinieal muscle of the perineal body.
47
Function of perinieal muscle of the perineal body.
this is a muscular area and it
is easily stretched during childbirth to
allow for enlargement of the vaginal and
passage of the fetal head.
48
is a tough but elastic semicircle
of tissue that covers the opening to the
vagina in childhood.
Hymen
49
B. Female Internal Structures
Ovaries
Fallopian Tubes
Uterus
50
are approx.. 4 cm long by 2
cm in diameter and approx.. 1.5 cm
thick, or the size and shape of
almonds. They are grayish white and
appear pitted, or with minute
indentations on the surface. Ovaries,
are located close to and on both sides
of the uterus in the lower abdomen.
Ovaries
51
The function of the two ovaries (the
female gonads)
is to produce, mature,
and discharge ova (the egg cells).
52
An unruptured, glistering, clear,
fluidfilled
Graafian follicle (an ovum
about to be discharged).
53
or a miniature yellow corpus luteum
(the structure left behind after the ovum
has been discharged).
54
two discharge:
An unruptured, glistering, clear,
fluidfilled Graafian follicle (an ovum
about to be discharged).
or a miniature yellow corpus luteum
(the structure left behind after the ovum
has been discharged).
55
Ovaries have three principal divisions:
1. Protective layer of surface
epithelium
2. Cortex
3. Central medulla
56
where the immature
(primordial) oocytes mature into ova and
large amounts of estrogen and progesterone
are produced.
Cortex,
57
which contains the
nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic tissue,
and some smooth muscle tissue.
Central medulla,
58
The ovaries produce ___ and
____ and initiate and regulate
_____
The ovaries produce estrogen and
progesterone and initiate and regulate
menstrual cycles.
59
After menopause, or cessation of ovarian
function, the uterus, breasts, and ovaries
all undergo ____
atrophy or a reduction in size
because of a lack of estrogen.
60
is also
important to prevent osteoporosis, or
weakness of bones, because of
withdrawal of calcium from bones.
estrogen secreted by ovaries
61
is incorporated into
estrogen, the production of estrogen is
thought to also keep cholesterol levels
reduced, thus limiting the effects of
atherosclerosis (artery disease) in
women.
Cholesterol
62
used to be prescribed for
women at menopause to help prevent
osteoporosis and cardiovascular
disease. However, this type of long-term
estrogen supplementation may
contribute to breast cancer and
cerebrovascular accidents
Estrogen
63
This is the reason that ovarian cancer
continues to be one of the leading
causes of death from cancer in women
(i.e the tumor grows without symptoms
for an extended period).
Because they are suspended in position
rather than being firmly fixed in place, an
abnormal tumor or cyst growing on them
can enlarge to a size easily twice that of
the organ before pressure on surrounding
organs or the ovarian blood supply leads
to symptoms of compression.
64
At birth, each ovary contains
approximately ____, which were formed
during the first _____. Although these cells
have the unique ability to produce a
new Individual, they basically
contain the usual components of
cells
At birth, each ovary contains
approximately 2 million immature
ova (oocytes), which were formed
during the first 5 months of
intrauterine life. Although these cells
have the unique ability to produce a
new Individual, they basically
contain the usual components of
cells
65
an area of clear
cytoplasm
cell membrane
66
containing
chromosomes. The oocytes, like
sperm, differ from all other body
cells in the number of chromosomes
they contain in the nucleus. (Genetic
material)
nucleus
67
The nucleus of all other human body
cells contains _____,
consisting of ____ pairs of autosomes
(paired matching chromosomes) and
___pair of sex chromosomes (two ___
sex chromosomes in the female, an ____ sex chromosome pair in the
male).
The nucleus of all other human body
cells contains 46 chromosomes,
consisting of 22 pairs of autosomes
(paired matching chromosomes) and
1 pair of sex chromosomes (two X
sex chromosomes in the female, an X
and a Y sex chromosome pair in the
male).
68
In Reproductive cells (______) have only half the
usual number of chromosomes, so
that, when they combine
(f______), the new Individual
formed from them will have the
normal number of _____chromosomes
In Reproductive cells (both ova and
spermatozoa) have only half the
usual number of chromosomes, so
that, when they combine
(fertilization), the new Individual
formed from them will have the
normal number of 46 chromosomes
69
arise from each upper corner of the
uterine body and extend outward and
backward until each opens at its
distal end, next to an ovary.
Fallopian Tubes.
70
Fallopian tubes are approximately
10 cm long in a mature woman.
71
Function of fallopian tube
is to convey the
ovum from the ovaries to the uterus
and to provide a place for
fertilization of the ovum by sperm
72
Fallopian tube is anatomically divided into four
separate parts.
The interstitial portion\
The isthmus
The ampulla
The infundibular portion
73
the most
proximal division, and the part of the
tube that lies within the uterine wall. This
portion is only about 1 cm in length; the
lumen of the tube is only 1 mm in
diameter at this point
The interstitial portion.
74
is the next distal portion. It
is approximately 2 cm in length and like
the interstitial tube, is extremely narrow.
This is the portion of the tube that is cut
or sealed in a tubal ligation, or tubal
sterilization procedure
The isthmus
75
is the third and also the
longest portion of the tube. It is
approximately 5 cm in length. It is in this
portion that fertilization of an ovum
usually occurs.
The ampulla
76
is the most
distal segment of the tube. It is
approximately 2 cm long and is funnel
shaped. Migration of the ovum is also
The infundibular portion
77
may also act as a source of
nourishment for the fertilized egg,
because it contains protein, water,
and salts
The mucus produced
78
is a hollow, muscular,
pearshaped organ located in the lower
pelvis, posterior to the bladder and
anterior to the rectum. Uterus is
approximately 5 to 7 cm long, 5 cm wide,
and, in its widest upper part, 2.5 cm deep.
Uterus
79
UTERUS In a non-pregnant state, it weighs
_______
approximately 60 g.
80
After a pregnancy, the uterus never
returns to its non-pregnant size but
remains approximately
9 cm long, 6
cm wide, 3 cm thick, and 80 g in
weight.
81
The function of the uterus is to:
1. Receive the ovum from the fallopian
tube:
2. .Provide a place for implantation and
nourishment:
3. Furnish protection to a growing fetus:
4. and, at maturity of the fetus, expel it from
a woman’s body.
82
The uterus consists of three divisions:
1. The body or corpus
2. The isthmus,
3. The cervix.
83
During pregnancy,
the ____ is the portion of the
structure that expands to contain the growing
fetus.
body of the uterus
84
The ___ is also the portion that can be
palpated abdominally to determine the
amount of uterine growth occurring
during pregnancy,
Fundus
85
of the uterus is a short
segment between the body and the cervix. It is the
portion of the uterus that is most commonly cut
when a fetus is born by a cesarean birth.
isthmus
86
is the lowest portion of the
uterus. It represents approximately one third of
the total uterus size and is approximately 2 to 5
cm long.
cervix
87
The opening of the canal at the junction
of the cervix and isthmus is _____: the distal opening to the
vagina is the _____
The opening of the canal at the junction
of the cervix and isthmus is the internal
cervical os: the distal opening to the
vagina is the external cervical os.
88
Three Separate layers of uterine tissue:
endometrium
myometrium
perimetrium
89
is the inner layer of
mucous membrane
endometrium
90
is the middle layer of
muscle fibers
myometrium
91
is the outer layer of
connective tissue.
perimetrium
92
of the uterus is the
one that is important for menstrual function.
It grows and becomes so thick and responsive
each month under the influence of estrogen
and progesterone that it is capable of
supporting a pregnancy. If pregnancy does
not occur, this is the layer that is shed as the
menstrual flow.
Endometrium layer
93
or muscle layer of the
uterus, is composed of three interwoven
layers of smooth muscle, the fibers of
which are arranged in longitudinal,
transverse, and oblique directions.
This network offers extreme strength to
the organ
The myometrium
94
This network offers extreme strength to
the organ.
Serves the important function of
constricting the tubal junctions and
preventing regurgitation of menstrual
blood into the tubes.
myometrium
95
It also holds the internal cervical os
closed during pregnancy to prevent a
preterm birth.
myometrium
96
or the outermost layer
of the uterus.
-Serves the purpose of adding strength
and support to the structure.
. The perimetrium
97
Male External Structures include:
-PENIS
-scrotum
-testes
98
is composed of three
cylindrical masses of erectile tissue in the
penis shaft: two termed the corpus
cavernosa, and a third termed the corpus
spongiosum.
Penis
99
explain the erection of
The ischiocavernosus muscle at the
base of the penis then contracts, trapping
both venous and arterial blood in the
three sections of erectile tissue and
leading
100
What is being released during sexual excitement that results in dilation of blood flow to the arteries of the penis (engorgement)
nitric oxide
101
protects the nerve-sensitive glans at
birth.
A retractable casing of skin, the prepuce,
102
is a rugated, skin-covered,
muscular pouch suspended from the
perineum.
Scrotum
103
function of scrotum
Its functions are to support the testes and
to help regulate the temperature of
sperm.
104
What does scrotal do during cold weather?
In very cold weather, the scrotal muscle
contracts to bring the testes closer to the
body;
105
What does scrotal do during hot weather?
In very hot weather, or in the presence of
fever, the muscle relaxes, allowing the
testes to fall away from the body.
106
are two ovoid glands, 2 to 3 cm
wide, that lie in the scrotum
Testes
107
Each testes is encased by a protective
white fibrous capsule and is
composed of several lobules, with each
lobule containing interstitial cells
(Leydig's cells) and a seminiferous
tubule.
108
Seminiferous tubules produce
spermatozoa.
109
are responsible for the
production of testosterone
Leydig's cells
110
Although spermatozoa are produced in
the testes, they reach maturity,
surrounded by semen, in the external
structures through a complex sequence
of regulatory events.
First, the hypothalamus releases GnRH,
which in turn influences the anterior
pituitary gland to release FSH and LH.
FSH is then responsible for the release of
androgen binding protein (ABP).
LH is responsible for the release of
testosterone.
111
ABP binding of testosterone
promotes
sperm formation
112
What does scrotal do during ho weather?
In very hot weather, or in the presence of
fever, the muscle relaxes, allowing the
testes to fall away from the body.
113
The Male Internal Reproductive Organs:
- Epididymis
- vas deferens
-varicocele
- seminal vesicles
-ejaculatory ducts
-prostate gland
- bulbourethral glands
- urethra
114
The seminiferous tubule of
each testis leads to a tightly coiled tube
over 20 ft. long.
Epididymis.
115
Responsible for conducting sperm from
the tubule to the vas deferens
and secrete a portion of the alkaline fluid
that will surround sperm at maturity
(semen, or seminal fluid that contains a
basic sugar and mucin, a form of
protein).
Epididymis
116
immobile and incapable of
fertilization as they pass or are stored at
the epididymis level.
Sperm
117
sperm travels for how many days to the length of epididymis
It takes at least 12 to 20 days for them to
travel the length of the epididymis and a
total of 64 days for them to reach
maturity.
118
absence of sperm
aspermia
119
20
million sperm/mL
oligospermia
120
s an
additional hollow tube surrounded by
arteries
and veins and protected by a thick
fibrous coating.
Vas Deferens (Ductus Deferens)
121
Function of vas deferens
it carries sperm from the
epididymis through the inguinal canal
into the abdominal cavity
122
Sperm mature as they pass through the
vas deferens.
123
or a varicosity of the
internal spermatic vein, was once
thought to contribute to male subfertility
by causing congestion with increased
warmth in the testes but this appears to
actually make little difference.
varicocele
124
(severing of the vas deferens
to prevent passage of sperm) is a popular
means of male birth control.
Vasectomy
125
are two convoluted
pouches that lie along the lower portion
of the posterior surface of the bladder and
empty into the urethra by way of the
ejaculatory ducts
Seminal vesicles
126
These glands secrete a viscous
alkaline liquid that has a high
sugar, protein, and prostaglandin
content.
. Seminal vesicles
127
The two ejaculatory
ducts pass through the prostate gland and
join the seminal vesicles to the urethra.
Ejaculatory Ducts
128
is a
chestnut sized gland that lies just below
the bladder.
Prostate Gland
129
This is where the urethra passes though, exactly at the center of it like a donut
Prostate gland
130
secretes a thin,
alkaline fluid.
Prostate gland
131
lie
beside the prostate gland and empty via
short ducts into the urethra.
Two
bulbourethral or Cowper's glands
132
they secrete an alkaline fluid
that helps counteract the acid secretion
of the urethra and ensure the safe
passage of spermatozoa.
Two
bulbourethral or Cowper's glands
133
is derived from the
prostate gland (60%), the seminal
vesicles (30%), the epididymis (5%),
and the bulbourethral glands (5%).
Semen
134
is a hollow tube
leading from the base of the bladder,
which, after passing through the prostate
gland, continues to the outside through
the shaft and glans of the penis.
Urethra
135
It is approximately 8 in (18 to 20 cm)
long. Like other urinary tract
structures, it is lined with mucous.
Urethra
136
Process of Spermatogenesis
(sperm maturation begins at 13 years old)
Testes- produce sperm cell and responsible for
the production of the male hormone; testosterone.
Leydig’s cells- produces sperm cell –next- sertoli cells- nourished the sperm cells, “nurse
cells” –next
First, the hypothalamus releases GnRH that
stimulates APG (Anterior pituitary gland)=
secrete FSH & LH = stimulates seminiferous
tubules to produce spermatozoa. –next
Epididymis- maturation of the sperm cells
occurs (12-24 days) –next
Vas deferens- passageway of the mature sperm.
–nextSeminal vesicles- produce sugar fluid known as
fructose to increase motility. –next- Ejaculatory
duct- passageway–next
Prostate gland- secretes fluid that lubricates and
nourished sperm cell. –next
Cowper’s gland-bulbourethral gland- Secretes
alkaline fluid that helps counteract the acid
secretion of the urethra and ensure the safe
passage of the spermatozoa. –next
Urethra- a hollow tube leading from the base
of the bladder continues to the outside through
the shaft and glands of the penis. 8 inches long.
