More gerber content for final Flashcards

1
Q

H. pylori:
1) What are the 2 noninvasive tests that have good sensitivity/specificity?
2) What noninvasive test cannot distinguish between active and past infection?
3) When do you use noninvasive tests?

A

1) Urea breath [pylori produces urease, labeled CO2 detected] and stool antigen
2) Serology (Blood) test
3) When the pt doesn’t need an endoscopy

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2
Q

1) List the 2 biopsy-based tests for H. pylori
2) What is another invasive H. pylori test?

A

1) Biopsy urease test + Histologic exam
2) Microbiologic Culture (Most specific, but low sensitivity)

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3
Q

1) What are the 3 antibodies produced w. Celiac?
2) In most patients, a Celiac Dx is established by what 2 positive tests?
3) What autoantibody test is the preferred test for celiac disease in adults?

A

1) Gliadin (from gluten), Endomysium, Tissue transglutaminase (tTG)
2) Celiac serology + small bowel biopsy [Upper endoscopy with duodenal]
3) tTg-IgA

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4
Q

1) When do you start screening for Colorectal Cancer (CRC)?
2) Any abnormal screening test for CRC (other than colonoscopy itself) requires follow-up with what?
3) What are the 3 annual CRC tests?

A

1) 45
2) A timely colonoscopy
3) Annual fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) using higher sensitivity tests (Hemoccult SENSA) [gFOBT]
Annual fecal immunochemical test (FIT)
Fecal DNA test (with FIT every 1–3 years)

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5
Q

CRC:
1) What is preferred over gFOBT?
2) What test requires a full stool sample?
3) What test is more sensitive but less specific than FIT?
4) What test do you need to avoid vit C and red meat for?

A

1) FIT
2) sDNA-FIT: “Cologuard”
3) sDNA-FIT: “Cologuard”
4) Guaiac-based fecal occult blood (gFOBT)

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6
Q

Colonoscopy should be done every ____ years starting at age 45

A

10

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7
Q

What is the new CRC test?

A

Blood based cfDNA test

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8
Q

Acute pancreatitis requires at least 2 out of what 3 things?

A

1) Acute onset of persistent, severe, epigastric pain often radiating to the back
2) Elevation in serum lipase or amylase to ≥3 times the upper limit of normal
3) or Characteristic findings of acute pancreatitis on imaging (contrast-enhanced CT, MRI, or transabdominal ultrasonography)

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9
Q

Acute pancreatitis
1) What test has a short window of detection?
2) _________ has slightly higher sensitivity than amylase for acute pancreatitis and is a good marker for alcoholic hepatitis

A

1) Amylase
2) Lipase

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10
Q

What are the tests on the BMP?

A

Sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarb(onate), BUN, creatinine, glucose

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11
Q

What tests are on the CMP?

A

BMP + liver function tests = CMP (comprehensive metabolic panel)

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12
Q

Doubling of serum creatinine suggests ___% reduction in GFR

A

50%

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13
Q

1) Normal range of HCO3 is?
2) What are the most common intracellular electrolytes?

A

1) 22-26 mEq/L
2) Potassium
Magnesium
Phosphate

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14
Q

1) What is the normal sodium range?
2) What is the normal potassium range?

A

1) 135 – 145 mEq/L
2) 3.5 – 5.0 mEq/L

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15
Q

What are the 2 extracellular compartments (collectively 1/3 of body water)

A

Interstitial (surrounding cells)
Plasma (intravascular)

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16
Q

1) Main stimulators of ADH are what?
2) What is the most powerful stimulator of aldosterone?

A

1) Increased plasma osmolality and decreased blood volume
2) angiotensin [RAAS]

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17
Q

1) When is serum osmolality always high?
2) When does hypo/hypernatremia become chronic?

A

1) Hypernatremia
2) > 48 hours

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18
Q

Quickly reversing ____________ hyponatremia can lead to neurologic complications (osmotic demyelination syndrome)

A

chronic

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19
Q

1) Severe hypertriglyceridemia or hypergammaglobulinemia throws off sodium reading and can cause what form of hyponatremia?
2) Hyperglycemia and (less common) mannitol infusion can cause what?

A

1) Pseudohyponatremia
2) Hypertonic (hyperosmolar) hyponatremia

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20
Q

What is the most common type of hyponatremia? What are its 2 types?

A

Hypotonic hyponatremia; ADH independent and ADH dependent

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21
Q

List potential causes of ADH dependent hypotonic hyponatremia

A

Hypovolemic hyponatremia
Hypervolemic hyponatremia
SIADH
Reset osmostat
Adrenal insufficiency and hypothyroidism
Pain
Exercise
Diuretics and other medications

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22
Q

What type of hyponatremia occurs with renal or extrarenal volume loss (various causes) and subsequent hypotonic fluid replacement?

A

ADH dependent hypotonic hypovolemic

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23
Q

What type of hyponatremia usually occurs in the setting of edematous states (cirrhosis, heart failure, rarely nephrotic syndrome)?

A

ADH dependent hypotonic hypervolemic

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24
Q

What are examples of ADH dependent hypotonic euvolemic hyponatremia?

A

1) SIADH
2) Reset osmostat
3) Adrenal insufficiency and severe hypothyroidism

25
Q

Thiazide diuretics induce ____________ , especially in older patients

A

hyponatremia

26
Q

What is the first thing you should do when a pt has hypernatremia?

A

Assess urine output:
1) Oliguria: Reduced water intake, Nonrenal water loss, or Water shifted into cells due to gain of intracellular osmole
2) Nonoliguria: assess osmolality next (low = DI, high = osmotic diuresis)

27
Q

List at least 3 factors that affect potassium

A

1) Aldosterone
2) Sodium
3) Acid base balance

28
Q

Alkalotic states tend to do what to potassium?

A

Lower serum potassium levels

29
Q

Increased net K+ release from cells causing hyperkalemia can be caused by what?

A

1) Pseudohyperkalemia
2) Tissue breakdown
3) Hyperglycemia
4) Metabolic acidosis
5) Beta blockers, etc etc

30
Q

List medications that can cause hyperkalemia

A

ACE-i, ARBs, and NSAIDs
Spironolactone
Beta blockers
Triamterene

31
Q

Which causes hyperexcitability, hypocholoremia or hyper?

A

Hypochloremia

32
Q

What is the most common cause of true hypocalcemia?

33
Q

What is the most common reason for high phosphorus?

A

Advanced chronic kidney disease

34
Q

Torsades de pointes may be seen with what?

A

Hypomagnesemia

35
Q

Hypo or hypermagnesmia can cause hypokalemia and hypocalcemia that are refractory to treatment until Mg is fixed?

36
Q

Decreased DTRs (earliest finding), respiratory muscle paralysis, cardiac arrest, are all Sx of?

A

Hypermagnesemia

37
Q

What clinical manifestations relate to ATP deficiency?

A

Hypophosphatemia

38
Q

What is the most commonly measured RF? (rheumatoid factor for RA)

39
Q

RFs lack specificity and sensitivity for what?

A

RA
Negative RF value does not exclude RA

40
Q

In Rheumatoid Arthritis, RFs react to abnormal synovial ________s

41
Q

ANA (generic) is very sensitive but not specific for what?

A

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

42
Q

Immunologic abnormalities, especially the production of antinuclear antibodies (ANΑ), are a prominent feature of what?

A

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

43
Q

Antibodies to double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) and to Smith (anti-Sm) are specific ANAs, are they sensitive or specific for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)?

A

specific (but not sensitive)

44
Q

True or false: A negative ANA result nearly excludes SLE

45
Q

Albumin/globulin ratio should be what?

A

> 1.0 (more albumin than globulin)

46
Q

1) Polyclonal spike indicates what?
2) What abt monoclonal?

A

1) Infections/ inflammatory process
2) Cancer/ neoplastic (e.g., multiple myeloma))

47
Q

When there is conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, levels in urine are increased, leading to what?

A

dark, tea-colored urine

48
Q

If conjugated bilirubin cannot be excreted into the intestine due to extrahepatic obstruction, what can this cause?

A

Light stools and conjugated hyperbilirubinemia

49
Q

Gilbert disease can cause what?

A

Impaired hepatic conjugation/ Unconjugated (Indirect) Hyperbilirubinemia

50
Q

AST:ALT ratio ≥2:1 suggests ____________ hepatitis

51
Q

GGT and ALP both rise in cholestasis, but ________ is not elevated in bone disease

52
Q

1) What is normal pCO2?
2) What abt HCO3?

A

pCO2: 35-45 mmHg (middle of range 40)
HCO3: 22-26 mEq/L (middle of range 24)*

53
Q

Is CO2 acidic or basic? What abt bicarb?

A

CO2 is acidic, bicarb is basic

54
Q

What are the 4 main causes of HAGMA?

A

Ketoacidosis (diabetic/alcohol/starvation)
Uremia (severe renal dysfunction)
Lactic acidosis
Toxins (ethylene glycol [antifreeze], methanol, salicylate OD, many others)

55
Q

How do you classify metabolic acidosis?

A

Decreased (<6 mEq)
Increased (>12 mEq) (aka, high AG, HAGMA)
Normal (6-12 mEq) (aka, hyperchloremic, nongap, NAGMA)

56
Q

What type of acidosis is lactic acid? What type is hypoxic?

A

HAGMA; type A

57
Q

What are the 3 major causes of NAGMA?

A

1) HCO3–loss from GI tract (ex. diarrhea)
2) Defects in renal acidification (ex. renal tubular acidosis (RTA), which may be due to hypoaldosteronism or other causes; impaired renal excretion of H+ or reabsorption of HCO3)
3) HCO3- dilution (ex. NS IVF)