10.1 more cards Flashcards
Staining or PCR of respiratory specimens is required to diagnose ____________ because it can’t be cultured
Pneumocystis
What is the first step of aspergillosis testing?
Obtain noninvasive tests: serum biomarkers + sputum
Special staining with microscopy of respiratory specimens, such as induced sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, or lung tissue from biopsy can be used for what?
Pneumocystis
What opportunistic fungi is ubiquitous (we inhale the conidia constantly (then cleared by body in most immunocompetent individuals))?
Aspergillus
Which test for pneumocystis is is highly sensitive/specific (nearly 100% in immunosuppressed), but is invasive?
Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) [special staining]
What is the most rapid and least invasive pneumocystis test that’s usually done first?
Induced sputum [special staining]
Acute invasive _______________ may rapidly lead to death, and definitive diagnosis prior to initiating treatment is not always feasible
aspergillosis
What is the most common intestinal helminth?
Ascaris (roundworms)
Galactomannan assay and Beta-D-glucan assay are two types of [serum] antigen detection for what?
Aspergillus [invasive]
Most sensitive/specific test for identifying Pneumocystis is what?
PCR of respiratory specimens
If diagnosis cannot be established by noninvasive methods for invasive aspergillus, then more invasive approach to obtain specimens is indicated when feasible, which includes what 2 options?
1) Bronchoscopy with BAL
2) Biopsy
1) Larvae hatch in small intestine and penetrate into bloodstream
2) Migrate to lungs ascend bronchial tree to throat and are swallowed (back to GI tract)
3) Develop into adult worms in small intestine
This describes the lifecycle of what?
Ascaris (roundworms)
Microscopic visualization of ____________ larvae in respiratory/gastric secretions is required for Dxing them in pulmonary cases
Ascaris
What are the potential Sx with first exposure to ascaris?
Most are asymptomatic, but symptoms can include:
transient cough, urticaria, pulmonary infiltrates, eosinophilia, nonspecific abdominal symptoms
What is required for definitive Dx of intestinal Ascaris (roundworms)?
O&P stool microscopy visualizing Ascaris ova (eggs) or by examination of adult worms
Eggs do not appear in stool for at least _______ days after ascaris infection
40
Humans are the only host of what parasite?
Hookworms
Migrate into blood vessels > travel to lungs
Penetrate alveoli and ascend bronchial tree to pharynx > swallowed (to GI tract)
Attach to mucosa of small intestine > mature into adult worms (suck blood from intestinal wall > blood loss)
Eggs released in stool
This describes the life cycle of?
Hookworms
[Ancylostoma (2 species) and Necator americanus ]
Eosinophilia is rare with what parasite?
Enterobiasis (Pinworms)
Recent barium studies can obscure the detection of what?
parasites
Cryptococcus is associated with what animal?
Birds
