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Biology- Ms Kad/Miss Patel > More biological molecules > Flashcards

More biological molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the differences between DNA and RNA

A
  • RNA- ❌ thymine, ✔️uracil
  • RNA- ribose sugar
  • DNA- deoxyribose sugar
  • RNA- short
  • DNA-long
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2
Q

what is the monomer of DNA and RNA

A

nucleotide

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3
Q

what is a nucleotide made of

A

pentose sugar
nitrogenous base
phosphate group

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4
Q

what bonds are between nucleotides and where

A
  • phosphodiester bond

- (N1) Phosphate + Sugar (N2)

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5
Q

what is the role of DNA

A

holes genetic information
controls cell’s activities
allows for production of mRNA

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6
Q

what is the structure of DNA

A

double helix
of two polynucleotide chains
which are anti-parallel

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7
Q

how are the two polynucleotide strands held together

A

by hydrogen bonds
between the complementary base pairs
A-T = 2 hydrogen bonds
G-C= 3 hydrogen bonds

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8
Q

what is the role of RNA

A

transfers genetic info from DNA 👉 Ribosomes

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9
Q

what is the structure of RNA

A

single polynucleotide chain

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10
Q

what is semi-conservative replication

A

new DNA molecule contains: one strand from original DNA, one new strand

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11
Q

how does DNA replication take place

A 
DNA unwinds 
original strands act as templates
complementary base pairing
condensation reaction joins nucleotides together
reaction catalysed by DNA polymerase
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12
Q

how does the double helix unwind

A

DNA helicase
breaks hydrogen bonds
between complementary bases

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13
Q

how does complementary base pairing work

A

new DNA nucleotides

attracted to exposed bases on original strand

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14
Q

how are the nucleotides joined together

A

hydrogen bonds between complementary bases

phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides

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15
Q

what does DNA polymerase do

A

active site is complementary to
3’ to 5’ end of new strand
nucleotide added to 3’ side

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16
Q

why was it doubted that DNA carried the genetic code

A

due to DNA’s relatively simple composition

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17
Q

the double-helix was discovered by

A

Watson and Crick

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18
Q

what bases are in DNA

A

adenine
guanine
thymine
cytosine

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19
Q

what bases are in RNA

A

adenine
guanine
uracil
cytosine

20
Q

what is the full form of ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate

21
Q

what is the structure of ATP

A

adenine base
ribose
three phosphate groups

22
Q

what is a nucleotide derivative

A

modified form of nucleotide

23
Q

what does the hydrolysis of ATP provide

A

energy

24
Q

what is the process for the hydrolysis of ATP

A
  • ATP 👉ADP + Pi
  • hydrolysis
  • Phosphate bond= broken
  • 👆 All catalysed by ATP hydrolase
  • Inorganic phosphate= released
25
Q

what can the inorganic phosphate released be used for

A
  • can be used to phosphorylate other compounds

- making them more reactive.

26
Q

where is the energy stored

A

between the second and third phosphate

27
Q

how can ATP be resynthesised

A

through a condensation reaction

28
Q

what is the process for the condensation of ADP + Pi

A

condensation reaction
between ADP + Pi
catalysed by ATP synthase

29
Q

where is the condensation of ADP + Pi required

A

photosynthesis

respiration

30
Q

what is the role of water in metabolic reactions

A

metabolite

31
Q

high heat capacity of water =

A

can buffer temperature change

as H bonds can absorb lots of energy

32
Q

why is high heat capacity good

A

water= more stable temp

33
Q

large latent heat of vapourisation of water=

A

provides cooling effect

little water loss through evaporation

34
Q

little water loss through evaporation because

A
  • 👆 energy needed to break H bonds

- 👆 energy needed to vapourise water

35
Q

strong cohesion of water=

A
  • Supports columns of water in tube-like transport (xylem)

- provides surface tension when in contact with air

36
Q

where do inorganic ions occur

A

in solution in cytoplasm

in body fluids of organisms

37
Q

what charges can an inorganic ion have

A
  • ➕ cation

- ➖ anion

38
Q

what does a specific role do + how is it decided ?

A

depends on concentration

depends on properties

39
Q

what are Iron ions part of

A

haemoglobin

40
Q

what is the role of Iron ions

A

binds to 02

Fe3 till 02 is released

41
Q

how do hydrogen ions carry out their role

A

👆 H+ 👇 pH = more acidic

42
Q

what is the role of sodium ions

A

co-transport of amino acids and glucose

43
Q

phosphate ions are components of

A

DNA

ATP

44
Q

what is the role of phosphate ions in DNA

A

allows nucleotides to join

through phosphodiester bonds

45
Q

what is the role of phosphate ions in ATP

A

bonds between phosphate ions stores energy

Biology- Ms Kad/Miss Patel (13 decks)

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