More biological molecules Flashcards
what are the differences between DNA and RNA
- RNA- ❌ thymine, ✔️uracil
- RNA- ribose sugar
- DNA- deoxyribose sugar
- RNA- short
- DNA-long
what is the monomer of DNA and RNA
nucleotide
what is a nucleotide made of
pentose sugar
nitrogenous base
phosphate group
what bonds are between nucleotides and where
- phosphodiester bond
- (N1) Phosphate + Sugar (N2)
what is the role of DNA
holes genetic information
controls cell’s activities
allows for production of mRNA
what is the structure of DNA
double helix
of two polynucleotide chains
which are anti-parallel
how are the two polynucleotide strands held together
by hydrogen bonds
between the complementary base pairs
A-T = 2 hydrogen bonds
G-C= 3 hydrogen bonds
what is the role of RNA
transfers genetic info from DNA 👉 Ribosomes
what is the structure of RNA
single polynucleotide chain
what is semi-conservative replication
new DNA molecule contains: one strand from original DNA, one new strand
how does DNA replication take place
DNA unwinds original strands act as templates complementary base pairing condensation reaction joins nucleotides together reaction catalysed by DNA polymerase
how does the double helix unwind
DNA helicase
breaks hydrogen bonds
between complementary bases
how does complementary base pairing work
new DNA nucleotides
attracted to exposed bases on original strand
how are the nucleotides joined together
hydrogen bonds between complementary bases
phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides
what does DNA polymerase do
active site is complementary to
3’ to 5’ end of new strand
nucleotide added to 3’ side
why was it doubted that DNA carried the genetic code
due to DNA’s relatively simple composition
the double-helix was discovered by
Watson and Crick
what bases are in DNA
adenine
guanine
thymine
cytosine
what bases are in RNA
adenine
guanine
uracil
cytosine
what is the full form of ATP
adenosine triphosphate
what is the structure of ATP
adenine base
ribose
three phosphate groups
what is a nucleotide derivative
modified form of nucleotide
what does the hydrolysis of ATP provide
energy
what is the process for the hydrolysis of ATP
- ATP 👉ADP + Pi
- hydrolysis
- Phosphate bond= broken
- 👆 All catalysed by ATP hydrolase
- Inorganic phosphate= released
what can the inorganic phosphate released be used for
- can be used to phosphorylate other compounds
- making them more reactive.
where is the energy stored
between the second and third phosphate
how can ATP be resynthesised
through a condensation reaction
what is the process for the condensation of ADP + Pi
condensation reaction
between ADP + Pi
catalysed by ATP synthase
where is the condensation of ADP + Pi required
photosynthesis
respiration
what is the role of water in metabolic reactions
metabolite
high heat capacity of water =
can buffer temperature change
as H bonds can absorb lots of energy
why is high heat capacity good
water= more stable temp
large latent heat of vapourisation of water=
provides cooling effect
little water loss through evaporation
little water loss through evaporation because
- 👆 energy needed to break H bonds
- 👆 energy needed to vapourise water
strong cohesion of water=
- Supports columns of water in tube-like transport (xylem)
- provides surface tension when in contact with air
where do inorganic ions occur
in solution in cytoplasm
in body fluids of organisms
what charges can an inorganic ion have
- ➕ cation
- ➖ anion
what does a specific role do + how is it decided ?
depends on concentration
depends on properties
what are Iron ions part of
haemoglobin
what is the role of Iron ions
binds to 02
Fe3 till 02 is released
how do hydrogen ions carry out their role
👆 H+ 👇 pH = more acidic
what is the role of sodium ions
co-transport of amino acids and glucose
phosphate ions are components of
DNA
ATP
what is the role of phosphate ions in DNA
allows nucleotides to join
through phosphodiester bonds
what is the role of phosphate ions in ATP
bonds between phosphate ions stores energy
