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Biology- Ms Kad/Miss Patel > Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Biological Molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Monomer Definition

A
  • smaller units from which larger molecules are

made.

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2
Q

Polymer definiton

A
  • molecules made from a large number of monomers

joined together.

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3
Q

3 examples of monomers

A

Monosaccharides, amino acids, nucleotides

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4
Q

reaction that joins two molecules?

A

Condensation reaction

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5
Q

a condensation reaction involves

A
  • Formation of a bond

- Elimination of water molecule

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6
Q

reaction that seperates two molecules?

A
  • Hydrolysis
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7
Q

a hydrolysis reaction involves

A
  • Breaking chemical bond

- Uses molecule of water

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8
Q

Monomer of carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides

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9
Q

what are the different monosaccharides

A
  • Glucose
  • Fructose
  • Galactose
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10
Q

monomers of lactose

A
  • glucose

- galactose

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11
Q

monomers of sucrose

A
  • glucose

- fructose

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12
Q

monomers of maltose

A
  • glucose

- glucose

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13
Q

what bond is formed between monosaccharides

A

glycosidic bond

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14
Q

how is a glycosidic bond formed + what does it consist of

A
  • Condensation reaction
  • Formation of chemical bond
  • Releases molecule of water
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15
Q

isomers of glucose?

A
  • alpha glucose

- beta glucose

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16
Q

what’s the difference between the two isomers?

A

H and OH reversed

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17
Q

test for reducing sugars

A

-add benedicts to sample

heat in water bath

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18
Q

what does a positve test show

A

red/orange ppt

blue -> green -> yellow -> orange -> red

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19
Q

test for non-reducing sugars

A 
-HCL to sample
boil
- sodium hydrogencarbonate 
-benedicts to sample
heat in water bath
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20
Q

why is sodium hydrogencarbonate used

A

to neutralise the HCL

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21
Q

what are polysaccharides

A

condensation of many glucose units

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22
Q

3 examples of polysaccharides are?

A
  • cellulose
  • starch
  • glycogen
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23
Q

what isomer of glucose is used for each polysaccharide

A

cellulose - b glucose
starch - a glucose
glycogen - a glucose

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24
Q

where is glycogen found

A

in animals

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25
Q

what are the 4 main properties of glycogen

A
  • insoluble
  • large
  • lots of side branches
  • compact
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26
Q

insoluble advantage

A

doesn’t affect water potential

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27
Q

large advantage

A

doens’t diffuse out

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28
Q

lots of side branches advantage

A

more active sites for enzymes to act on

quicker hydrolysis + release of glucose

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29
Q

where is starch found

A

in plants

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30
Q

two components of starch are?

A
  • amylose

- amylopectin

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31
Q

two key properties of starch

A
  • insoluble

- large

32
Q

structure of amylopectin

A
  • a glucose

- long branched

33
Q

what are side branches useful for

A

more active sites for enzymes to act on

quicker hydrolysis + release of glucose

34
Q

structure of amylose

A
  • a glucose
  • long unbranched
  • good for storage
35
Q

why is amylose good for storage

A
  • coiled
  • compact
  • so more can be stored in small space
36
Q

test for starch

A
  • iodine in iodide potassium solution
37
Q

positive result for starch?

A

blue/black colour

38
Q

where is cellulose found

A

in plants

39
Q

what is the role of cellulose

A

structural ( cell walls)

40
Q

what isomer is cellulose made of

A

b glucose

41
Q

structure of cellulose

A
  • straight cellulose chains
  • held together by hydrogen bonds
  • forming microfibrils
42
Q

hydrogen bonds in large numbers=

A

more strength

43
Q

microfibrils provide

A

structural strength

44
Q

which polysaccharides have 1,4 links

A

cellulose
amylopectin
amylose
glycogen

45
Q

which polysaccharides have 1,6 links

A

amylopectin

glycogen

46
Q

two groups of lipids

A

phospholipids

triglycerides

47
Q

structure of triglycerides

A

3 fatty acids

1 glycerol

48
Q

bond between 1 fatty acid + glycerol

A

ester bond

49
Q

what reaction joins the fatty acids + glycerol

A

condensation reaction
forms a bond
releases molecule of water per bond

50
Q

structure of phospholipids

A

2 fatty acids
glycerol
phosphate molecule

51
Q

a fatty acid is known as a

A

hydrocarbon ‘tail’

52
Q

test for lipids

A

sample + ethanol
shake
add water

53
Q

positive result

A

milky emulsion

54
Q

the R group of a fatty acid can be

A

variable

saturated or unsaturated

55
Q

what does it mean if the R group is unsaturated

A

has one or more double bond between the carbon-carbon

56
Q

properties of phospholipid

A

forms a bilayer
due to hydrophobic head and hydrophilic tail
so is barrier to water-soluble substances in centre

57
Q

properties of triglyceride

A

insoluble - doesn’t affect water potential

C-H bonds - store LOTS of energy

58
Q

roles of lipids (5)

A
  • energy reserve (C-H)
  • insulator
  • protection
  • insoluble in water= reduces water loss/waterproofing
  • source of water
59
Q

what happens if lipids are hydrolysed

A

produces fatty acids

lowers pH

60
Q

similarities in phospholipids + triglycerides

A
  • contain glycerol
  • contain ester bonds
  • contain C, H, O elements
  • fatty acids in both = saturated/unsaturated
  • both insoluble
61
Q

differences in phospholipids + triglycerides

A
  • phospholipids= 2 fatty acids, triglycerides= 3
  • phospholipids = phosphate molecule
  • phospholipids= hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail
  • phospholipids= form bilayers/micelles
62
Q

monomer of proteins

A

amino acid

63
Q

2 amino acids is called

A

a dipeptide

64
Q

what bond is between amino acids

A

peptide bond

65
Q

what reaction forms a peptide bond

A
  • condensation reaction
  • formation of a chemical bond
  • releases molecule of water
66
Q

the R group in an amino acid

A

variable

allows for 20 different amino acids

67
Q

test for proteins

A

sample + sodium hydroxide solution

+ copper II solution

68
Q

positive result

A

purple

69
Q

what is the primary structure

A
  • order of amino acids

- peptide bonds between amino acids

70
Q

secondary structure

A
  • folding of polypeptide chain
  • due to hydrogen bonds
  • forms a-helix structure or beta-pleated sheet
71
Q

tertiary structure

A
  • 3-D folding due to:
  • ionic bonds
  • disulphide bridges (sulfur + sulfur)
  • hydrogen bonds
72
Q

quaternary structure

A

2 or more polypeptide chains

e.g collagen, insulin, haemoglobin

73
Q

what shape are globular proteins

A

compact

spherical

74
Q

properties + roles of globular proteins

A

metabolic roles
water soluble
e.g haemoglobin

75
Q

what shape are fibrous proteins

A

long

thin

76
Q

properties + roles of fibrous proteins

A

insoluble
composed of many polypeptide chains
structure roles
e.g keratin, collagen

Biology- Ms Kad/Miss Patel (13 decks)

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