mood disorders

Question 1

define reactive depression

Answer 1

understandable sadness, greif from environmental stressors

Question 2

Define endogenous depression

Answer 2

Having an internal cause of origin

Question 3

Define mood

Answer 3

Subjective feeling of emotion

Question 4

Define affect

Answer 4

External expression of mood

Question 5

Define mood disorders

Answer 5

Psychological conditions in which mood problems are the main problem

Question 6

Measuring mood tools

Answer 6

beck Depression inventory
Hospital anxiety and depression scale

Question 7

Define major depressive disorder

Answer 7

Serious mood disorder that consists of unremitting depression or periods of depression that don’t alternate with periods of mania

Question 8

Bipolar disorder

Answer 8

Serious mood disorder characterised by cyclical periods of mania and depression

Question 9

Mania

Answer 9

Abnormally elevated moods, often accompanied by sleeplessness and reckless behaviours

Question 10

Two types of mood disorders

Answer 10

Unipolar depressive disorders
Bipolar disorders

Question 11

Unipolar depressive disorders

Answer 11

Major depression
Persistent depressive disorder

Question 12

Bipolar disorder

Answer 12

Mood swings from deep sadness to high elation (euphoria)
Bipolar 1
Bipolar II
Cyclothymic disorder

Question 13

What are cardinal symptoms

Answer 13

Profound sadness, inability to experience pleasure, low mood, low energy, low appetite

Question 14

Comorbidities

Answer 14

Between anxiety and depression

Question 15

Statistics on depression

Answer 15

Women twice as likely to suffer from depression
Depression onset is younger and prevalence is increasing
More prevalent in countries furthest from the equator

Question 16

Clinical characteristic diagnosis of MDD

Answer 16

At least 2 week period of maladaptive functioning clearly changed from previous functioning
At least 5 of the following
Depressed mood
Loss of interest or pleasure
Fatigue
Sleep disturbance
Recurrent thoughts of death

Question 17

Recurrence of MDD

Answer 17

The onset of a new episode of depression (6-9 months but can last up to 2 years)

Question 18

Relapse of MDD

Answer 18

The return of symptoms within a fairly short period of time

Question 19

Manic phase of bipolar disorder

Answer 19

A distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive or irritable mood
Lasting at least one week

Question 20

Types of bipolar disorder

Answer 20

Bipolar I- manic episodes and a least one depressive episode
Bipolar II- major depressive episodes and at least one hypo mani episode

Question 21

What is hypomania

Answer 21

Same criteria for mania but lasts at least 4 days
Not severe enough to cause impairment in functioning, hospitalisation not needed
No hallucinations or delusions
Just a clear change in behaviour

Question 22

Third type of bipolar disorder

Answer 22

Cyclothymic

Associated with brief periods of hypomania and brief period of depression that are not as extensive or as long lasting as full depressive episodes(milder form of BD)

Question 23

Define exuberance

Answer 23

The quality of being full of energy, excitement, and cheerfulness; ebullience

Question 24

Insomnia and MDD

Answer 24

Main diagnostic for MDD
80% have sleep disturbances
Seasonal effects experienced by up to 25%, symptoms last roughly 40% of the year

Question 25

BD and sleep

Answer 25

A night without sleep can induce a manic episode in about 10% of patients

Question 26

Genetic influence in depression

Answer 26

Heritability estimates ranging from 30-45%)
Children of parents with depression 3 times more likely of having depression
Diathesis stress model

Question 27

Behavioural theories

Answer 27

Depression is related to a lack of response contingent positive reinforcement
Low social skills leading to rejection from others

Question 28

Interpersonal theory of depression

Answer 28

Depression is maintained by a cycle of excessive reassurance seeking

Question 29

Becks cognitive model to explain depression

Answer 29

Negative outlook regarding oneself, the world , and the future
Negative cognitive schema
Information- processing biases

Question 30

Types of information processing bias

Answer 30

Arbitrary inference/ jumping to conclusions
Selective thinking
Overgenralisation
Magnification
Minimisation
Personalisation.

Question 31

Negative attributional style

Answer 31

People who are likely to become depressed attribute negative life events to internal vs external, stable vs unstable, global vs specific
‘ I made a mess of this assignment’ vs ‘ instructions were not clear enough’
Hopelessness theory of depression

Question 32

Learned helplessness theory

Answer 32

‘Depression is learned’
Depression arises from helplessness

Question 33

The reformulated helplessness theory

Answer 33

The kinds of attributions that people make, in turn, are central to whether they become depressed

Question 34

Rumination

Answer 34

Focusing intently on how they feel and why they feel that way, involves dwelling in sad thought over and over

Question 35

Hopelessness

Answer 35

Belief that events are inevitable
Hopelessness expectancy - perception that one had no control over what was is going to happen

Question 36

Biological explanations for BD

Answer 36

Serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine are involved in regulation to mood states
Cocaine and amohetamine stimulate dopamine - manic like behaviour
Monomania hypothesis