Lecture 2

Question 1

Define clinical psychology

Answer 1

The branch of psychology responsible for understanding and treating psychopathology

Question 2

Define psychopathology

Answer 2

• the study of deviations from normal or everyday psychological and behavioural functioning/ mental disorders
• symptoms, causes, classification and treatment
• relationship between mental disorders and other factors

Question 3

What are the ways to define abnormality and what are the issues with them (4)

Answer 3

1) deviation from social norm( behaviours that are statistically rare)
Issues: not always applicable such as IQ
2) social norm deviance(going against the norms or standards of society
Issues: cultural differences, culture- bound differences, disorders only found in particular cultures
3) maladaptive behaviour and harmful dysfunction(anything that does not allow a person to function within or adapt to the stresses and everyday demands of life
Issues: many psychopathologies could be conceived of as having an adaptive or protective function
4) subjective discomfort( distress and disability)
Issues: no objective standards, some disorders do not involve the individual experiencing distress or impairment

Question 4

Culture- bound syndromes (5)

Answer 4

1)Koro: china and some south and East Asian countries
2) taijin-kyofu-sho(TKS): Japan
3) Susto:Kechua- speaking Latino Indians of the Andes
4) amok: Southeast Asia

Question 5

How do clinicians provide a diagnosis

Answer 5

Through the use of a wide variety of assessments and their clinical judgement

Question 6

What are the standardised manuals for identifying and classifying mental health conditions

Answer 6

1) diagnostic and statistical manual( DSM)
2) International classification of diseases(ICD)

Question 7

What are the standardised manuals for identifying and classifying mental health conditions

Answer 7

1) diagnostic and statistical manual( DSM)
2) International classification of diseases(ICD)

Question 8

Brief me on the DSM (3)

Answer 8

1)developed by the American psychiatric association
2) focus solely on mental health disorders
3) current edition: DSM-5-TR

Question 9

Brief me on the DSM (3)

Answer 9

1)developed by the American psychiatric association
2) focus solely on mental health disorders
3) current edition: DSM-5-TR

Question 10

What are the disorders described in terms of for the DSM 5 (3)

Answer 10

1) symptoms
2) typical path progression
3) checklist criteria for diagnosis

Question 11

Brief me on ICD (7)

Answer 11

1)Global classification system that covers all diseases
2) ICD-11
3) developed by the world health organisation
4) standardised methods of recording and tracking instances of diagnosed disease all over the world
5) accurate and efficient communication between medical professionals
6) consistent diagnosis across different countries and cultures
7) important role in healthcare research and policy- making to reduce disease burden

Question 12

How many disorders exclusive to ICD-11 and how many exclusive to DSM-5

Answer 12

19 for ICD-11
7 for DSM-5

Question 13

What is the primary use of ICD

Answer 13

Primarily used for epidemiological research, public health planning, and clinical practice.
Emphasis is on the broader context of health and disease

Question 14

What is the primary use for DSM diagnostic tool

Answer 14

• primarily used for clinical diagnosis, treatment planning, and research
• focuses on individual patient assessment and treatment

Question 15

Diagnosing a client/ patient who has symptoms of a particular disorder can be useful, how?

Answer 15

Help explain patients’ conditions
Help professionals communicate clearly and efficiently
Help patients receive proper and effective treatment

Question 16

What are the three types of mental health stigma

Answer 16

Social stigma -
Perceived/self- stigma
Label avoidance

Question 17

Define social stigma

Answer 17

Stigma characterised by prejudicial attitudes and discriminating behaviour directed towards individuals with mental health problems as a result of the psychiatric label they have been given

Question 18

Define perceived/social stigma

Answer 18

The internalising by the mental health sufferer of their perception of discrimination

Question 19

Define label avoidance

Answer 19

Actively choosing to separate themselves from being categorised as inclusive with the outgroup to avoid prejudice and discrimination

Question 20

Give a cognitive and then behavioural example of social stigma

Answer 20

Cognitive- ‘he is dangerous’
Behavioural- employee refuses to hire person with mental illness

Question 21

Give a cognitive and then behavioural example of self- stigma

Answer 21

Cognitive- ‘I am unreliable’
Behavioural- person with mental illness does not take on new tasks

Question 22

Give a cognitive and then behavioural example of label avoidance

Answer 22

Cognitive- ‘Diagnosis of mental illness means crazy’
Behavioural-‘ individual refrains from going to the clinic to seek help’

Question 23

Theoretical models:

Answer 23

• biological models
• psychological models (psychodynamic, behavioural, cognitive)
• bio- psychosocial model

Question 24

Biological models are:

Answer 24

Model of explaining behaviour as caused by biological changes in the chemical, structural, or genetic systems of the body.
Research into heritability studies, twin studies

Question 25

Psychoanalytic/ psychodynamic model

Answer 25

Disordered behaviour stems from repressed conflicts and urges that are fighting to become unconscious

Eg, caused by repressed anger turned inward and develops self hatred

Id, ego, superego

Question 26

Behavioural models are:

Answer 26

•Learnt reactions to environmental experiences
• based on principles of conditioning
- classical conditioning
- operant conditioning

• application interventions: behaviour therapy and behaviour modification

Question 27

What is classical conditioning

Answer 27

• learning of an association between two stimuli, the first conditioned stimuli(CS) predicts the occurrence of the second (unconditioned stimuli)

Question 28

Lil Albert and classical conditioning

Answer 28

• pairing of the CS (white rat) with the UCS(loud noise) led to learning associate the white rats with the UCS(loud noise)
• soon lil Albert began to show fear responses to the white rat

Question 29

Operant conditioning

Answer 29

• learning of a specific behaviour because that behaviour has been rewarding
• explains how psychopathology is acquired and maintained
- rewarding the behaviour increases the frequency of behaviour
- punishing consequences reduces the frequency of behaviour

Question 30

Cognitive models

Answer 30

• Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck
• cognitive theorists see disordered behaviour as a result of:
- Irrational beliefs
- dysfunctional thinking
- information processing biases

Given rise to CBT

Question 31

Define magnification

Answer 31

The tendency to interpret situations as far more dangerous, harmful or important than they actually are

Question 32

Define all- or- nothing thinking

Answer 32

• the tendency to believe that one’s performance must be perfect or the result will be a total failure

Question 33

Define over generalisation

Answer 33

• the tendency to interpret a single negative event as a never- ending pattern of defeat and failure

Question 34

Define minimisation

Answer 34

The tendency to give little or no importance to one’s success or positive events and traits

Question 35

The biopsychosocial perspective is:

Answer 35

• the biopsychosocial model of disorder proposes that disorders are caused by biological, psychological, and social- cultural factors