Mood Disorders Flashcards
What is sadness and what are the benefits and costs of sadness?
Sadness is culturally defined as an appropriate response in a given culture
- Sadness improves attention to detail, accuracy of memory, the ability to detect deception, improves interpersonal strategies, and promotes generosity
- Sadness decreases the ability to task switch, decreases motivation, patience, playfulness, and is related to poor financial decisions
What is depression?
A response that is prolonged and not expected in a given culture. Depression changes for each individual depending on personal and family values.
What is mania
A state of extreme hyperactivity
What is unipolar depression?
A state marked by a sad/low state
What is bipolar disorder?
A fluctuation between depressive states and manic or hypomanic states on a cyclical basis
Unipolar Depression Features (lifetime prevalence, highest in, onset, likelihood recovery)
Lifetime Prevalence: 20-30%
-More likely in females and low SES, chronically ill, under 65, children have same ratio.
-Average onset 19.
-About 85% will recover with treatment, 35-55% will recover without treatment
-If you experience one depressive episode, the likelihood of experiencing another increases by 50%
What is Major Depressive Disorder
A severe pattern of disruption that is disabling and impacts someone’s life. A presence of major depressive episode with no pattern of mania and is recurrent.
-seems to have learning component, more likely in people who have close relatives with MDD
Specifiers of Major Depressive Disorder
-SAD: seasonal affective disorder (winter)
-Catatonia: Excessive or no motor movement
-Melancholia: don’t experience pressure out of anything
-Peri-partum: during or within 4 weeks of birth
-Post-partum: 4 weeks or longer after birth
-Psychotic-depression: Independent of schizoaffective, but hallucinations and psychosis
Major Depressive Disorder Checklist
2 week period where a person displays increased depressed mood for the majority of each day and 3/4 of following symptoms
-weight or appetite change
-insomnia or hyposomnia
-daily agitation or decrease in motor activity
-daily fatigue or lethargy
-feelings of worthlessness or excess guilt
-reduction in concentration or decisiveness
-repeated focus on death or suicide
Persistent depressive disorder
symptoms last for at least 2 years and are not absent for more than 2 months at a time
-Dysthymia: persistent low-level mood
-Double depression: major episodes accompanying dsythmia
Mood disorders
-Unipolar depression
-Bipolar disorder
-Major depressive disorder
Manic Episode and symptoms
For one week or more, person displays a continually abnormal, inflated, unrestrained, or irritable mood as well as continually heightened energy or activity for most of every day with at least 3 of
-grandiosity
-reduced need for sleep
-rapidly shifting ideas
-attention pulled many directions
-heightened activity
-excessive pursuit of risk and problematic activities
Hypomanic episode
subthreshold is less severe than a manic episode, tend to be really productive during this time
Bipolar Disorders (4)
Bipolar I: full manic and depressive states
Bipolar II: Full depressive state and hypomanic episodes
Cyclothimia: Low levels of depression and low levels of mania
Rapid cycling: four or more mood cycles in a year
MAOI’s (type, effect, side effects)
Antidepressant
Blocks monoamine in the synapse. Acts on serotonin, dopamince, epinephrine, and norepinephrine
-limits diet
Tricyclics (type, effect, side effects)
Antidepressant
Blocks serotonin and norepinephrine, similar effects to SSRI/SNRI
-Dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation
SSRI/SNRI
Antidepressant
Blocks reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine
-Weight gain, sex drive problems, sex problems
ECT
Electro-shock therapy, used in extreme cases of treatment-resistant depression
-Risk of memory problems
-Based on very few sham studies. However, have found no difference between groups suggesting an extreme form of placebo
-In bipolar, is effective in manic states
DBS
Electrodes implanted in brain to stimulate brain and become more active
Excercise
one of the most effective forms of treatment.
Best medication for bipolar disorder
Mood stabilizers, lithium and atypical antipsychotics
Psychodynamic Therapy (depression)
Review past events and feelings and figuring out what it is causing the feeling and why they are acting in such a way
Focus of CBT (Depression)
Get client moving, motivational issues, underlying maladaptive thinking, address erroneous cognitions
Behavioural activation (CBT)
Reintroduce clients to enjoyable activities, learning theory. Reward non-depressive behaviours and withhold from depressive behaviours.
-Clinician cannot award and withhold, only works in highly controlled environment
Beck’s cognitive therapy
- increase activity and elevate moods
- challenge automatic negative thoughts
- show how thinking process contributes to thoughts
- challenge broad statements
Bipolar disorder and psychotherapy
Targets depressive state specifically.
-puts a routine in place, but can be difficult with unforseen events
Suicide and 4 types
self-inflicted death in which one makes an intentional, direct, and conscious effort to end one’s life.
Death seeker: typical case, intention is intermittent or short lived
Death initiator: Intent to end life when death is on the way
Death ignorer: Don’t see a self-inflicted death as means to an end
Death darer: ambivalent towards death, risk-taking
How can we study suicide?
Retrospective analysis
