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Psyc 3500 > Anxiety disorders > Flashcards

Anxiety disorders Flashcards

1
Q

General Traits- Anxiety Disorders

A

Most common mental disorder in the US.
-29% develop one of mental disorders at some point in lives
-1/3rd of individuals seek treatment
-Fear and anxiety are the most common symptoms
-Most develop in childhood and persist into adulthood
-Misappraisal of body sensations

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2
Q

Which demographics have a higher prevalence of anxiety

A

-Females
-Individuals of a lower SES
-High comorbidity with depression

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3
Q

Fear

A

A natural response by a specific threat

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4
Q

Anxiety

A

No specific threat, an over-estimation of danger for a particular situation

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5
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

A

A persistent and excessive feeling of anxiety and worry about numerous events and activities
-Easily fatigued
-Difficulty in concentrating
-Underlying irritability
-Self conscious
-A frequent need for reassurance
-Sleep problems
-Shaky, twitchy

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6
Q

Features of GAD

A

-Chronic
-Prevalence peaks in middle-age
-Frequently occurs with depression, other anxiety problems, alcohol dependence

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7
Q

Why is alcohol dependence common in people with GAD

A

Alcohol has the same effect on GABA receptors as depressants

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8
Q

Genetic contributions to GAD

A

-An inherited vulnerability to be tense.
-15% of individuals with GAD also have a biological family member with GAD
-1/3 of the risk for experiencing GAD comes from genetic factors

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9
Q

Fear circuit (neuropsychological contribution)

A

-Prefrontal cortex
-Anterior cingulate cortex
-Insula
-Amygdala

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10
Q

Environmental contributions of GAD

A

-Early learning from experiencing uncontrollable events and/or overprotective parents
-Low SES

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11
Q

Behavioural/Psychological contributions to GAD

A

-Irrational beliefs and assumptions about the world (catastrophic thinking)
-Erroneous beliefs about worry (positive and negative)
-Intolerance for uncertainty (fear of negative events)
-Negative problem orientation (problems are threats)
-Cognitive avoidance (avoid thinking)

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12
Q

CBT - GAD

A

-Traditional: change maladaptive assumptions and thinking
-Self efficacy training: decrease unrealistic expectations, give self-confidence
-New age: Mindfulness, acceptance, commitment therapy.

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13
Q

Behavioural Therapy (GAD)

A

-Excercise
-Relaxation training and meditation

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14
Q

Barbituates

A

Drug arose in the 50’s marketed towards housewives

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15
Q

Benzodiazepenes

A

-Targets GABA receptors, sedative effects in large doses and often used as sleeping pills. Most effective when anxiety is reactive and acute
-Similar effects of alcohol
-Increase fall risks in older people
-Serious risk of addiction and withdrawal symptoms

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16
Q

SSRI’s

A

Function by increasing serotonin and norepinephrine in the nervous system
-Serotonin hypothesis
-Effects unclear

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17
Q

Antipsychotics

A

-Reduce dopamine in the nervous system, considered major tranquilizers.
-Typically not started on antipsychotics

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18
Q

Antihistamines

A

Calming effect on the brain and gut, can increase appetite.
-no addicting effects

19
Q

Beta-blocker

A

can stop effects if symptom is panic attack
-Block norepinephrine

20
Q

Buspironine

A

No effects on the GABA systems, no sedative effects
-ideal for elderly

21
Q

Specific Phobias

A

An unreasonable fear of a specific object or situation
-Marked, persistent, disproportionate fear of a particular object or situation
-Exposure to the object produces immediate fear
-Avoidance of the feared situation

22
Q

Specific Phobias - Features

A

-PYP: 9%
-Lifetime Prevalence: 14%
-Onset in childhood
-32% seek treatment

23
Q

Causes of SP

A

-Learning through traumatic experiences, conditioning, and vicarious learning
-Evolutionary preparedness (arachnophobia)

24
Q

Treatment for SP

A

-Systematic desensitization
-Flooding
-Modelling
-Virtual reality

25
Q

Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD)

A

Fearful, anxious, or avoidant of social situations that involve the possibility of being scrutinized
-pronounced, disproportionate, repeated anxiety about social situations in which the individual could be exposed to scrutiny by others
-fear of being negatively evaluated or offensive to others
-exposure to social situation almost always produces anxiety
-avoidance of feared situations

26
Q

Features - SAD

A

-PYP: 8%
-Lifetime Prev: 14%
-Often begins in late childhood or adolescence and persists into adulthood
-40% seek treatment
-More extreme symptoms will more likely persist and if participant has temperament that supports inhibition
-often report low quality of life

27
Q

Demographic SAD most prevalent in

A

-People who have never been married
-Divorced
-Not completed post-secondary
-Low SES
-Chronic condition
-Low social support
-More common in caucasians

28
Q

Cognitive causes - SAD

A

-Dysfunctional belief
-Perfectionism in society
-Socially undesirable
-Socially unskilled/inadequate
-Behaviour will lead to catastrophic events
-No control over anxiety in social situations
-Anxiety of anticipation and dread of social situations
-Dread and inhibition

29
Q

Behavioural Factors - SAD

A

-Modelling behaviours indicative of social avoidance
-Helicopter parenting

30
Q

Genetic/Environment factors

A

-underlying genetic propensity to be shy
-increased sensitivity or possible instability of ANS
-prepared learning
-people with social anxiety tend to pay attention to negative cues tend to interpret ambiguous situations more negatively
-some children more socially inhibited

31
Q

panic attacks

A

periodic/short bouts of panic that occur suddenly, reach a peak within minutes and gradually pass
-heart palpitations
-tingling in hands/feet
-shortness of breath
-sweating
-hot and cold flashes
-trembling
-chest pains
-choking sensations
-faintness
-dizziness
-feelings of unreality

32
Q

Agoraphobia

A

Avoidant behaviours occur as a result of panic attacks. Fear of open spaces, scared to be out in the world for fear of not being able to escape
-unforseen panic attacks occur repeatedly
-at least a month of continual concern

33
Q

Features - Agoraphobia

A

-PYP: 3.1%
-LP: ~5%
-Late adolescence into early childhood
-59% seek treatment
-Lower in non-western countries
-can wane and wake

34
Q

Genetic Causes - Agoraphobia

A

-Individuals with PD tend to have parents with anxiety or mood disorder

35
Q

Neuro Causes - Agoraphobia

A

-Panic circuit ; unstable PNS

36
Q

Environmental Causes - Agoraphobia

A

-Higher reports of people with PD with children who experienced sexual/physical abuse. First panic attack linked to environmental stressor and can become more generalized

37
Q

Psychological causes - Agoraphobia

A

-Overall negative affectivity (mood), early exposure to cigarette smoke, misinterpretation of body signals
-More likely to feel body sensations
-Avoidance behaviours begin to occur with misinterpretation of panic signals

38
Q

Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)

A

-A reoccurrence of unwanted, obsessive intrusive thoughts
-Repeated ritualistic actions or mental compulsions designed to neutralize an unwanted thoughts
-basic themes of contamination, violence, orderliness, religious themes, sexuality
-no pleasure arises from mental acts
-often develop over time
-cleaning, checking, order, balance, touching, verbalizing, counting

39
Q

Genetic Causes - OCD

A

-Increased first rates among immediate parents, monozygotic high prevalence of heritability

40
Q

Biological causes - OCD

A

-Head injury, brain tumour, infection
-Unstable or overreactive peripheral nervous system
-SSRI’s, SNRI’s

41
Q

Cognitive causes - OCD

A

-High degrees of perfectionism
-overestimate the threat of negative consequences
-overimpulsion of thoughts or thought control, negative outcome is controlled by behaviour
-Belief system is arbitrary and can change outcomes
-memory

42
Q

environmental causes - OCD

A

-Some kind of psychological stressor that occurs
-reassurance component

43
Q

CBT - OCD

A

-exposure with response prevention, gradual and somewhat extreme

Psyc 3500 (12 decks)

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