Monogastric

Question 1

what is the Intestines

Answer 1

consist of a long coiled tube that runs from the stomach to the anus. 3 parts:
- small intestine
- large intestine
- rectum

Question 2

The intestines are made up of:

Answer 2

• Mucosa
• Muscle layers
• Serosa

Question 3

Mucosa

Answer 3

• is the innermost layer.
  Consists of:
• Mucosal ducts and glands = there role is to generate mucous that covers the internal surface of the intestines
• Villi = look like little fingers. they contain many little blood capillaries. Nutrients are absorbed through the villi into the blood vessels and then enter the blood stream
• Lacteals = also known as lymphatic capillaries. they absorb fat then transport them into the bloodstream

Question 4

Muscle layer

Answer 4

There are 2 muscles surrounding the mucosa.
first - is a circular layer of muscle that forms a ring around the intestine
Second- is a muscle arranged longitudinally, along the length of the intestine.
Th contraction of these muscles allow food to move through the intestines

Question 5

Serosa

Answer 5

Is a smooth membrane that surrounds the intestines. It secreates a substance called seroud that helps reduce friction from the muscle movement

Question 6

Monogastric stomach

Answer 6

Stands for 1 stomach (one chamber)
Humans are apart of this as well as many animals

Question 7

Ruminant stomach

Answer 7

animal with four chamber stomach
Rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum

Question 8

Monogastric digestive system organs

Answer 8

• tongue
• salivary glands
• the gastrointestinal trct consist of:
  
  • the mouth
  • the oesophagus
  • the stomach
  • the small intestine
  • the large intestine ( aka colon)
• the pancrease
• the liver
• the gallbladder

Question 9

Dentition

Answer 9

teeth brake food down mechanically
saliva breaks food down chemically
Teeth depends on if their herbivores, carnivores or omnivores
Carnivores = sharp canine teeth and incisors (front teeth)
Herbivores = do not have prominant canine teeth They have flat molar teeth to grind the veg down
Omnivores = have both types of teeth

Question 10

Enzymes

Answer 10

a particular kind of protein that speeds chemical reactions. They are essential for food breakdowns
the tongue transmits taste sensations to the brain which then cause glands to produce saliva
Enzymes are in saliva which breakdown foods.
Amylase breaks carbohydrates down
Lingual and lipase breaks down fats
Lysozyme acts as an antiseptic

Question 11

The stomach

Answer 11

produces gastric acid, which is very stongly acidic.
This acid affects the structure of proteins in food, exposing the chemical bonds.
The stomach muscles contract in order to churn up the food

Question 12

Catabolism

Answer 12

is when the body breaks down bio molecules into simpler molecules

Question 13

Anabolism

Answer 13

When the body builds larger biomolecules from smaller ones

Question 14

Acids

Answer 14

chemicals with a ph number of less than 7

Question 15

Alkalis

Answer 15

chemicals with a ph number higher than 7

Question 16

PH

Answer 16

measurement scale from 1-14 of how acidic and Alkaline something is

Question 17

chyme

Answer 17

is the result of the food that has been broken down
It’s then absorbed into cells of small intestine and then into blood stream
CHyme is highly acidic and could damage small intestine if untreated. To neutralise it the 2 alkaline substances to neutralise it are:
- Bile = secreated by the liver and stored in gallbladder
- Pancreatic juice = secreated by the pancrease and released as food moves from the stomach into the small intestine

Question 18

Small intestine

Answer 18

necessary nutrients are removed
Chyme becomes semi solid

Question 19

Large intestine

Answer 19

Then absorbs what is left such as water and left nutrients then leaving behind faeces

Question 20

Hindgut fermenters

Answer 20

Meaning that the large intestine is the site of fermentation of ingested fiber. They have an extra caecum or extra part to their intestine where they can digest harder plants