Monoclonal antibodies Flashcards
Define ‘ Monoclonal antibody’
Antigen that can be isolated and cloned
Define ‘ Antibody ‘
Protein
Bind to complementary antigen
What are the uses of monoclonal antibodies ?
Pregnancy tests
Cancer/medical treatment
Diagnosis
Describe how a patient is treated for cancer using ‘ Direct monoclonal antibody therapy’
- Monoclonal antibody complementary to antigen on cancer cell
2.Binds to antigen on cancer cell - Binded , therefore, no chemicals able to bind to antigen
- Prevents uncontrolled cell division
What is the advantage of direct monoclonal antibody therapy over other treatments
Doesn’t affect other cells
Describe how a patient is treated for cancer using ‘ indirect monoclonal antibody therapy ‘
- Antibody complementary to antigen on cancer
- Antibody binded to antigen on cancer
- Antibody has cancer drugs attached to itself
- Drugs kill cancer directly
What is the alternate name for ‘ indirect monoclonal antibody therapy ‘ ?
Bullet drugs
What can monoclonal antibodies test for ?
Pregnancy
Chlamydia
Hepatitis
Prostate cancer
Influenza
Describe and explain the steps in the ‘ ELISA’ test
- First antibody is mobile and complementary to antigen tested for
First antibody has blue dye attached - Second antibody is complementary to antigen tested for
Second antibody is also immobile - Third antibody is complementary to the first mobile antibody
Third antibody is also immobile
Why does a positive result appear on an ELISA test
Mobile antibody binds to antigen
Second antibody binds to antigen
Mobile antibody and immobile antibody bind to eachother
With blue dye attached, shows positive result
How does a negative result appear on an ELISA test
Mobile antibody binds to third antibody
Third antibody complementary to mobile antibody
One ring = Negative
What is the third antibody in test complementary to
Mobile antibody
What is the second antibody in test complementary to
The antigen being tested for
Describe the steps for carrying out the other ELISA test
- Add test sample( urine/blood ) of patient to beaker
- Wash out to remove unbound test sample
- Add first antibody complementary in shape to antigen tested for
- Wash out to remove unbound antibody
- Add second antibody, complementary to first
- With an enzyme attached to it
7.Add colourless substrate - If antigen present, enzyme on second antibody released, forming a blue solution
Why is there colour formed ?
If antigen is present
Enzyme released
Catalyses substrate
