Moments Flashcards

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1
Q

what is centre of mass (or gravity)

A

the position where the weight of an object appears to act from

it always wants to be in the lowest possible position

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2
Q

talk about humans and centre of mass

A

humans have to do work to raise the centre of mass

e.g. sit up straight and not slouch

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3
Q

what is the equation for moments?

A

moments (Nm) = force (N) x perpendicular distance from the pivot to the force (m)

M = Fd

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4
Q

what happened when Cici (more mass) and Tess (less mass) stand on different ends of a balance?

Why?

A

the balance tipped so that Cici went down to the ground and Tess was raised

Cici and Tess are the same distance away from the pivot but Cici has a greater force han Tess and a thus a greater moment to Tess

the plank is unbalanced

CIci’s moment is anti-clockwise and Tess’ clockwise from the pivot thus the plank rotates anti-clockwise

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5
Q

Explain why the see-saw became balanced with Tess and Nikita in this position relative to Cici

A

the sum of Tess and Nikita’s force is greater than Cici’s but their distance from the pivot is smaller thus their moments are equal

Cici’s moment is 1200Nm anti-clockwise and Tess’ and Nikita’s is clockwise from the pivot

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6
Q

what is the principle of moments?

A

the sum of the clockwise moments is equal to the sum of the anti-clockwise moments when the system is in equilibrium

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7
Q

moments are caused by …, but they are not … themselves

they cause objects to turn or …

like forces, they are … quantities and have a direction; these are usually restricted to … or …

A

moments are caused by forces, but they are not forces themselves

they cause objects to turn or rotate

like forces, they are vector quantities and have a direction; these are usually restricted to clockwise or anti-clockwise

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8
Q

what are moments measured in?

A

Nm

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9
Q

a door handle is 0.75m from the hinge

the door is closed and a person pulls on the handle with a force of 20N

calculate the moment produced by the person

A

M = f x d

= 20 x 0.75

= 15Nm

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10
Q

a bus driver uses his right hand to turn his steering wheel

the diameter of the wheel is 40cm and she pulls down on the wheel with a force of 15N

calculate the moment

A

M = f x d

= 15 x 40

= 300Nm

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11
Q

which direction will the wheel turn?

A

clockwise

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12
Q

describe two ways she could increase the moment on the wheel

A

pull down with a greater force (force)

make the wheel bigger (distance)

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13
Q

how do you find the centre of mass of an object?

A

suspend it from two different points (see figure)

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14
Q

what is the method for finding the centre of mass of a piece of flat card?

A

suspend the flat card from a pin and let it swing freely

when you do this, the centre of mass of the card is directly below the pin

you can use a ‘plumbline’ to draw a veritcal line on the card from the pin downwards

now repeat this procedure with the card suspended from a different point to give another line

the centre of mass of the card is where the two lines cross

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15
Q

What are A and B?

A

pivots

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16
Q

A unifrom bridge has a weight of 20,000N. Two supports are placed near the ends, 7.5m from the centre of mass of the bridge. State the value of the support forces at A and B

A

A = 10,000 N

B = 10,000 N

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17
Q

A car with a weight of 10,000N now parks at the centre of the bridge. State the extra force exerted at A and B

A

Extra force at A = 5,000 N

Extra force at B = 5,000 N

18
Q

A similar car drives from A to B at a constant speed. Describe the changes in the support forces acting on A and B, stating values of significant positions of the car along the bridge. You can state the total forces (which include the weight of the bridge), or extra forces (ignoring the weight of the bridge)

A

as the car moves away from A, the force acting on A decreases as the force acting on B increases in a directly proportional way in order for the bridge to stay in equilibrium

when the car has moves 1/4 of the way across the bridge the force at A would be 7500N and at B it would be 2500N (exluding the weight of the bridge)

Fa + Fb = the weight of the car when ignoring the weight of the bridge

19
Q

how do you calculate the mass of ruler?

A

Wm x d1 = Wr x d2

20
Q

Explain why Fb increases as the car approaches it

A

the bridge is in equilibrium

the anti-clockwise and clock-wise moments are equal

Fa + Fb = weight of the car as the resultant force is zero (the bridge is stationary)

the car moving away from A increases the distance from A to car and therefore the anti-clockwise moment about A increases

the car moving closer to B decreases the distance from B to the car but increases the force about B and therefore the clockwise moment increases

21
Q

Calulate the force of F

A

M = f x d

10 x 2

= 20 Nm

M = f x d

20 = F x 4

F = 5N

22
Q

Calculate the distance of d

A

M= f x d

= 18 x 30

=540 Nm

M= f x d

540 = 36 x d

d = 15

23
Q

Calculate the force of F (assume cm is m instead)

A

M = f x d

= 100 x 40

= 4000 Nm

M = f x d

= 40 x 20

= 800 Nm

4000 - 800 = 3200

3200 = 50 x F

F = 64 N

24
Q

Explain why the ruler is equilibrium. Remember to refer to moments.

“A student investigated equilibrium by using the equiptment in the diagram. The 2N wieght is 60cm from the pivot and the Newton meter is 10.5cm from the pivot.”

A

the sum of the clockwise moments is equal to the sum of the anti-clockwise moments

(principle of moments)

25
Q

Show that the upward force is about 10N

“A student investigated equilibrium by using the equiptment in the diagram. The 2N wieght is 60cm from the pivot and the Newton meter is 10.5cm from the pivot.”

A

M - f x d

2 x 60 = 120 Nm

f = M ÷ d

= 120 ÷ 10.5

= 11.4 N ≈ 10N

26
Q

The student moves the 2N wieght further away from the pivot while the Newton meter remains in the same position. What happens to F, the value on the Newton meter?

“A student investigated equilibrium by using the equiptment in the diagram. The 2N wieght is 60cm from the pivot and the Newton meter is 10.5cm from the pivot.”

A

F (the value on the Newton meter) must increase for the ruler to stay in equilibrium

this increase in force is needed to oppose the increase in the clockwise moment which was increased by the increase distance from the pivot

27
Q

Explain why F increases as the student moves the 2N weight further away from the pivot while the Newton meter remains in the same position

Refer to variables thar are changing and variables that do not change when the 2N weight is moved

“A student investigated equilibrium by using the equiptment in the diagram. The 2N wieght is 60cm from the pivot and the Newton meter is 10.5cm from the pivot.”

A

When the 2N weight move away from the pivot, the perpendicular distance increased thus increasing the clockwise moment

in order for the ryler to stay in equilibrium, the clockwise moment must be equal to that of the anti-clockwise moment

this means, in order to keep the ruler in equilibrium, the anti-clockwise moment must increase

to increase a moment you must increase either the distance or the force

as the Newton meter (the distance) remains in the same position, the force of the anti-clockwise moment must increase to counter-act and balance out the increased clock-wise moment

28
Q

A 900N car is parked on a uniform bridge as shown in the diagram. The bridge wieghs 11,000N and is 30m between A and B. The car is 10m from A.

Add arrows and suitable lables (like FA) to represent the force at A, the force at B, the weight of the car, the weight of the bridge, the distance to the weight of the bridge and the distance to the weight of the car

A
29
Q

state which force will be greater; the upward force at A or the upward of force at B

A

the upward force at A

30
Q

As the bridge and the car is in equilibrium the resultant force on the system is equal to zero

Use this information (Nothing to do with moments yet) to write an equation linking the weight of the car, the weight of the bridge FA and FB

A

FA + FB = weight of the car and the weight of the bridge

31
Q

what does ∑mc and ∑mac mean?

A

∑mc = sum of the clockwise moments

∑mac = sum of the anti-clockwise moments

32
Q

Take moments about A to calculate the upward force at B

A

∑ma = ∑mac

Fb x 30 = (Wc x 10) + (Wb x 15)

15 Fb = (900 x 10) + (11,000 x 15)

15Fb = 174,000

Fb = 11600N

33
Q

The man in the diagram is using a device to hold a 200N bucket of water level

Explain in the system is in equilibrium or not

A

the system is in equilibrium as the water is level

this means there would be no resultant moment or resultant force so the system must be in equilibrium

34
Q

The man in the diagram is using a device to hold a 200N bucket of water level

John says: “I think the man will have to exert more than 100N to keep the system in equilibrium.”

Evaluate his comment

A

He uses correct key words: exerts; equilibrium

His calculations are incorect

the anticlockwise moment is 300Nm:

M = f x d

= 200N x 1.5m

thus, if the man exerted more than 100N the system would not be in equilibrium as:

M = f x d

= +100N x 3m

(this equates to more than 300Nm)

the anti-clockwise moment would be greater than the clockwise moment and thus the system would not be in equlibroum

35
Q

What will happen to the upward force at A and B as the car moves further away from A?

A

as the car moves further away from the pivot, A, the perpendicular distance from pivot A increases thus increasing the clock-wise moment

in order for the bridge to stay in equilibrium, the clockwise moment must be equal to the anti-clockwise moment

in this way, as the clockwise moment increases, the anti-clockwise moment must either increase the distance from the pivot or the force

as the length of the bridge is fixed, the force at B must increase to make the anti-clockwise moment equal to the clockwise moment and achieveing equilibrium

36
Q

A moment is a effect

A

A moment is a turning ​effect

37
Q

What is a moment?

A

A moment is the turning effect of a force around a fixed point called a pivot

38
Q

Where does the centre of mass (gravity) hang?

A

the centre of mass (gravity) hangs directly below the point of suspension

39
Q

Through what does an object’s weight act?

A

an object’s weight acts through the centre of mass

40
Q

What happens if the anti-clockwise moments do not equal the clockwise moments?

A

if the anti-clockwise moments do not equal the clockwise moments, there will be a resultant moment

the object will turn