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Biology 1010 > Molecules of life- Unit 1 > Flashcards

Molecules of life- Unit 1 Flashcards

Unit 1

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1
Q

Where do trans fats occur

A

In hydrogenated vegetable oils

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2
Q

Why are trans fats dangerous

A

raise cholesterol more than any other fat and directly alter function of arteries and veins.

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3
Q

How much of trans fat a day will hurt you

A

2 grams

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4
Q

What diseases does trans fat cause

A

Atherosclerosis (hardening of arteries), heart attacks, and diabetes

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5
Q

What is the chemical make up of trans fats

A

Straight

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6
Q

Molecules of Life

A

Complex carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid all are organic molecules make up all living things

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7
Q

What does a straight chemical make up mean

A

It is a solid at room temperatuer

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8
Q

What does it mean if a molecule is organic

A

Compounds consisting of mainly hydrogen and carbon atoms

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9
Q

Backbone of life

A

Carbon chains and rings. Carbon linked together with covalent bonds

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10
Q

hydrocarbon

A

organic molecules that consist of only hydrogen and carbon atoms

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11
Q

Functional Groups

A

Atoms in a molecule that are bonded to a carbon atom and form a particular pattern and display a consistent function (polarity and acidity)

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12
Q

Metabolism

A

All enzyme-mediated chemical reactions where cells acquire and use energy as they build and break organic molecules

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13
Q

Enzyme

A

Compound (usually a protein) that speeds up a reaction without being changed by it

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14
Q

Condensation Reaction

A

Build polymers from monomers, 2 small molecules create 1 larger molecule

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15
Q

Monomer

A

Molecules that are subunits of polymers. Simple sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, and nucleotides (legos)

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16
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Water breaks down a compound, these reactions release monomers by breaking apart polymers

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17
Q

Polymer

A

Molecule that consists of multiple monomers

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18
Q

What do all organic compounds have attached to carbon atoms

A

Functional Groups

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19
Q

What do functional groups do

A

Define cells capacity to build complex carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

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20
Q

what are Carbohydrates made out of

A

Molecule that consists of primarily carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

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21
Q

What are carbohydrates used for

A

Energy and structural materials

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22
Q

What assembles complex carbs

A

Enzymes

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23
Q

Monosaccharides

A

1 Sugar unit, simplest carb

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24
Q

4 types Complex carbs

A

Cellulose, glycogen, starch, Chitin

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25
Q

How many carbon atoms does DNA and RNA nucleic acids ahve

A

5

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26
Q

How many carbon atoms does glucose have

A

6

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27
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Straight or branched chains of many sugar monomers (hundreds to thousands)

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28
Q

All complex carbs have

A

different chemical properties due to different patterns of covalent bonds that link to glucose monomer (all have this monomer)

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29
Q

Cellulose

A

Toughens structure of plants

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30
Q

Cellulose build

A

Glucose chains that stretch side to side with many hydrogen bonds

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31
Q

Starch

A

Main energy reserve in plants

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32
Q

Where is starch stored

A

Roots, stems, leaves, fruits, seeds

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33
Q

Form of starch

A

Amylose

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34
Q

Starch build

A

Glucose units form a coiled chain

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35
Q

Glycogen

A

Stored in muscles and livers and functions as an energy reservoir for humans and animals

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36
Q

Chitin

A

Strengthens hard parts of many small animals like crabs and insects

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37
Q

Chitin build

A

Glucose and nitrogen containing carbonyl group

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38
Q

Carbs are the…

A

Most abundant biological molecule

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39
Q

Carbohydrate function

A

Energy reserve and structural materials

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40
Q

Lipids

A

Major energy source and structural materiasl

41
Q

Compound types of lipids

A

Fatty, oily, waxy

42
Q

What are all lipids

A

Hydrophobic (nonpolar)

43
Q

Fatty lipids have

A

Fatty acid tails

44
Q

how many fatty acid tails do most fatty lipids have

A

2 except for triglycerides have 3

45
Q

Phospholipids purpose

A

Main structural compounds of cell membranes

46
Q

Lipids types

A

Fats, phospholipids, waxes, steroids

47
Q

Waxes

A

Lipids that are water-repellent and lubricating secretion

48
Q

Steroids

A

Occur in cell membrane and some are remodeled into other molecules

49
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids bonds

A

At least one double-bond that limits flexibility, it is either cis or trans depending on how hydrogens are arranged around them

50
Q

Cis and trans tails

A

Cis tail is kinked, Trans is straight

51
Q

Animal fats are

A

Saturated

52
Q

Saturated fats remain ____ at room temp

A

Solid since saturated tails pack together tightly

53
Q

Vegetable oils are what fat

A

Unsaturated

54
Q

Unsaturated fats remain ____ at room temp

A

Liquid as kinked tails don’t pack tightly

55
Q

Partially hydrogenated vegetable oils are what fat

A

Saturated fats

56
Q

What do partially hydrogenated vegetables oils have

A

Trans double bond that allows to pack tight and therefor is solid at room temp

57
Q

Phospholipids

A

Lipids with polar phosphate group in hydrophilic head, and ti has 2 nonpolar hydrophobic fatty acid tails

58
Q

What are phospholipids a main part of

A

Eukaryotic cell membranes

59
Q

How do phospholipids give rise to membrane structures

A

2 lipid layers (bilayer), hydrophobic tails are sandwiched in between hydrophilic heads

60
Q

Wax make up

A

Long fatty acid tails bonded to long alcohol chains or carbon rings

61
Q

What does wax do

A

Protects and lubricates skin and hair, covers exposed plant surfaces, and creates honey comb

62
Q

Steroid build up

A

Lipids with 4 carbon rings and no fatty acid tails

63
Q

Where are steroids found

A

In all Eukaryote cell membranes

64
Q

Cholesterol

A

Most common steroid found in animal tissue that can be remodeled into many new molecules

65
Q

Bile salts

A

digest fat and vitamin D

66
Q

Steroid hormones

A

Estrogen and Testosterone

67
Q

Lipids function as

A

Energy reservoirs and waterproofing/ lubricating substances

68
Q

Lipids can be

A

Remodeled into other compounds such as vitamins

69
Q

What are the main structural components of all cell membranes

A

Lipids

70
Q

What are structurally and functionally the most diverse biomolecule

A

Proteins

71
Q

What determines a proteins function

A

its shape

72
Q

Protein

A

Organic compound that consists of 1 or more amino acid chains (polypeptide)

73
Q

Amino acids

A

Small organic compound that’s a subunit of proteins

74
Q

How many monomers can make how many proteins

A

20 monomers can make thousands of proteins

75
Q

Types of groups bonded to same carbon

A

Carboxyl, amine, and a characteristically side group

76
Q

Protein Synthesis needs

A

Covalently bonding amino acids into a polypeptide linked by peptide bonds

77
Q

polypeptide

A

Chain of amino acids that are linked by peptide bonds

78
Q

Peptide bonds

A

joins amine group of one amino acid and a carboxyl group of another protein

79
Q

Condensation formed by

A

Peptide bond forms between carboxyl group of methionine and a amine group of serine, extra aminos are added to carboxyl

80
Q

Protein’s primary structure

A

linear sequence of amino acids

81
Q

what creates larger protein structure

A

Fibrous proteins

82
Q

Secondary primary structure

A

Polypeptide chain twists into a coil

83
Q

Tertiary primary structure

A

Coil eventually makes a barrel shape

84
Q

Quaternary primary structure

A

2 or more coils interact and create several pockets creating larger structures

85
Q

What makes up hair

A

Keratin

86
Q

Denatures

A

Protein unravels it’s shapeWha

87
Q

What causes denaturing

A

Shift of PH or temperature, exposure to detergent of salts that disrupt hydrogen bonds

88
Q

What happens if a protein denatures

A

It loses it’s function

89
Q

Prions disease

A

Result of misfolded PrPc’s

90
Q

What can prions disease cause

A

Mad cow disease, Creutzfeld Jakob, Scrapio, also cause other PrPc’s to misfold

91
Q

Famous case of prions disease

A

Charlene Singh

92
Q

What is structurally and functionally the most diverse molecule

A

Protein

93
Q

Nucleotides

A

Small organic molecule made up of sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base, it’s the monomer of DNA and RNA

94
Q

Nucleic Acid

A

Single or double strand chains of nucleotides joined with sugar and phosphates. DNA and RNA

95
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid, encodes heritable info that guides synthesis of RNA and proteins. Consists of 2 nucleotides chained in a double helix

96
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic Acid
Interacts with DNA for protein synthesis

97
Q

ATP’s function

A

Energize molecules by phosphate group transfers

98
Q

ATP

A

A nucleotide

99
Q

Enzymes that hydrolyze cis acids can’t

A

break down trans fatty acids

Biology 1010 (11 decks)

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