Molecules of life- Unit 1 Flashcards
Unit 1
Where do trans fats occur
In hydrogenated vegetable oils
Why are trans fats dangerous
raise cholesterol more than any other fat and directly alter function of arteries and veins.
How much of trans fat a day will hurt you
2 grams
What diseases does trans fat cause
Atherosclerosis (hardening of arteries), heart attacks, and diabetes
What is the chemical make up of trans fats
Straight
Molecules of Life
Complex carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid all are organic molecules make up all living things
What does a straight chemical make up mean
It is a solid at room temperatuer
What does it mean if a molecule is organic
Compounds consisting of mainly hydrogen and carbon atoms
Backbone of life
Carbon chains and rings. Carbon linked together with covalent bonds
hydrocarbon
organic molecules that consist of only hydrogen and carbon atoms
Functional Groups
Atoms in a molecule that are bonded to a carbon atom and form a particular pattern and display a consistent function (polarity and acidity)
Metabolism
All enzyme-mediated chemical reactions where cells acquire and use energy as they build and break organic molecules
Enzyme
Compound (usually a protein) that speeds up a reaction without being changed by it
Condensation Reaction
Build polymers from monomers, 2 small molecules create 1 larger molecule
Monomer
Molecules that are subunits of polymers. Simple sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, and nucleotides (legos)
Hydrolysis
Water breaks down a compound, these reactions release monomers by breaking apart polymers
Polymer
Molecule that consists of multiple monomers
What do all organic compounds have attached to carbon atoms
Functional Groups
What do functional groups do
Define cells capacity to build complex carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
what are Carbohydrates made out of
Molecule that consists of primarily carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
What are carbohydrates used for
Energy and structural materials
What assembles complex carbs
Enzymes
Monosaccharides
1 Sugar unit, simplest carb
4 types Complex carbs
Cellulose, glycogen, starch, Chitin
How many carbon atoms does DNA and RNA nucleic acids ahve
5
How many carbon atoms does glucose have
6
Polysaccharides
Straight or branched chains of many sugar monomers (hundreds to thousands)
All complex carbs have
different chemical properties due to different patterns of covalent bonds that link to glucose monomer (all have this monomer)
Cellulose
Toughens structure of plants
Cellulose build
Glucose chains that stretch side to side with many hydrogen bonds
Starch
Main energy reserve in plants
Where is starch stored
Roots, stems, leaves, fruits, seeds
Form of starch
Amylose
Starch build
Glucose units form a coiled chain
Glycogen
Stored in muscles and livers and functions as an energy reservoir for humans and animals
Chitin
Strengthens hard parts of many small animals like crabs and insects
Chitin build
Glucose and nitrogen containing carbonyl group
Carbs are the…
Most abundant biological molecule
Carbohydrate function
Energy reserve and structural materials
Lipids
Major energy source and structural materiasl
Compound types of lipids
Fatty, oily, waxy
What are all lipids
Hydrophobic (nonpolar)
Fatty lipids have
Fatty acid tails
how many fatty acid tails do most fatty lipids have
2 except for triglycerides have 3
Phospholipids purpose
Main structural compounds of cell membranes
Lipids types
Fats, phospholipids, waxes, steroids
Waxes
Lipids that are water-repellent and lubricating secretion
Steroids
Occur in cell membrane and some are remodeled into other molecules
Unsaturated fatty acids bonds
At least one double-bond that limits flexibility, it is either cis or trans depending on how hydrogens are arranged around them
Cis and trans tails
Cis tail is kinked, Trans is straight
Animal fats are
Saturated
Saturated fats remain ____ at room temp
Solid since saturated tails pack together tightly
Vegetable oils are what fat
Unsaturated
Unsaturated fats remain ____ at room temp
Liquid as kinked tails don’t pack tightly
Partially hydrogenated vegetable oils are what fat
Saturated fats
What do partially hydrogenated vegetables oils have
Trans double bond that allows to pack tight and therefor is solid at room temp
Phospholipids
Lipids with polar phosphate group in hydrophilic head, and ti has 2 nonpolar hydrophobic fatty acid tails
What are phospholipids a main part of
Eukaryotic cell membranes
How do phospholipids give rise to membrane structures
2 lipid layers (bilayer), hydrophobic tails are sandwiched in between hydrophilic heads
Wax make up
Long fatty acid tails bonded to long alcohol chains or carbon rings
What does wax do
Protects and lubricates skin and hair, covers exposed plant surfaces, and creates honey comb
Steroid build up
Lipids with 4 carbon rings and no fatty acid tails
Where are steroids found
In all Eukaryote cell membranes
Cholesterol
Most common steroid found in animal tissue that can be remodeled into many new molecules
Bile salts
digest fat and vitamin D
Steroid hormones
Estrogen and Testosterone
Lipids function as
Energy reservoirs and waterproofing/ lubricating substances
Lipids can be
Remodeled into other compounds such as vitamins
What are the main structural components of all cell membranes
Lipids
What are structurally and functionally the most diverse biomolecule
Proteins
What determines a proteins function
its shape
Protein
Organic compound that consists of 1 or more amino acid chains (polypeptide)
Amino acids
Small organic compound that’s a subunit of proteins
How many monomers can make how many proteins
20 monomers can make thousands of proteins
Types of groups bonded to same carbon
Carboxyl, amine, and a characteristically side group
Protein Synthesis needs
Covalently bonding amino acids into a polypeptide linked by peptide bonds
polypeptide
Chain of amino acids that are linked by peptide bonds
Peptide bonds
joins amine group of one amino acid and a carboxyl group of another protein
Condensation formed by
Peptide bond forms between carboxyl group of methionine and a amine group of serine, extra aminos are added to carboxyl
Protein’s primary structure
linear sequence of amino acids
what creates larger protein structure
Fibrous proteins
Secondary primary structure
Polypeptide chain twists into a coil
Tertiary primary structure
Coil eventually makes a barrel shape
Quaternary primary structure
2 or more coils interact and create several pockets creating larger structures
What makes up hair
Keratin
Denatures
Protein unravels it’s shapeWha
What causes denaturing
Shift of PH or temperature, exposure to detergent of salts that disrupt hydrogen bonds
What happens if a protein denatures
It loses it’s function
Prions disease
Result of misfolded PrPc’s
What can prions disease cause
Mad cow disease, Creutzfeld Jakob, Scrapio, also cause other PrPc’s to misfold
Famous case of prions disease
Charlene Singh
What is structurally and functionally the most diverse molecule
Protein
Nucleotides
Small organic molecule made up of sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base, it’s the monomer of DNA and RNA
Nucleic Acid
Single or double strand chains of nucleotides joined with sugar and phosphates. DNA and RNA
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid, encodes heritable info that guides synthesis of RNA and proteins. Consists of 2 nucleotides chained in a double helix
RNA
Ribonucleic Acid
Interacts with DNA for protein synthesis
ATP’s function
Energize molecules by phosphate group transfers
ATP
A nucleotide
Enzymes that hydrolyze cis acids can’t
break down trans fatty acids
