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Biology 1010 > Cell Structure- Unit 2 > Flashcards

Cell Structure- Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Intestinal bacteria and example

A

Helpful intestinal bacteria make vitamins that mammals cannot. These bacterium crowd out the dangerous germs. E. coli is one of the most common intestinal bacteria, only a few out of the hundreds of strains are harmful, serious if even as few as 10 are ingested.

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2
Q

Bacteria is synonymous with

A

Germs

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3
Q

Cell

A

Smallest unit that has the properties of life

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4
Q

Common traits in all cells (3)

A

Each has
A plasma membrane- a cells outermost membrane. A lipid bilayer provides is the structural foundation of cell membranes and organelle membranes. In animal cells it’s like a fluid peel (skin of a grape)
Cytoplasm- Semifluid substance enclosed by a cells plasma membrane “holds organelle like smoothie holds straw”. As we dehydrate cytoplasm will harden
Nucleus- Organelle with 2 membranes that holds a eukaryotic cell’s DNA.

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5
Q

Antibodies

A

Used to treat bacterial infections (NOT VIRUSES), we are fatigued after taking them because it kills the good stuff too. Like a grenade, all things in range are subject

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6
Q

Bacterial Cell and what they are similar to

A

Bacteria are single-celled organisms, without nucleus. Archaean are similar in overall structure.

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7
Q

Constraints on Cell Size

A

Surface-to-volume ratio limits cell size. If cells is too big the inward flow of nutrients and outward flow of wastes across the membrane can’t occur fast enough for a cell to survive.

Ratio is found by when objects volume increases with a cube of diameter, but surface area increases with square of diameter

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8
Q

Cell Theory (4 parts)

A
  1. All living organisms consist of one or more cells
  2. A cell is the smallest unit of life individually alive
    3.All living cells come from division of preexisting cells
  3. Cells contain hereditary material which they pass to offspring in division
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9
Q

How do we see cells

A

Various types of microscopes and various techniques to reveal cells and their details. Cells are so small the relevant measurements would be absurd for every day use

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10
Q

Membrane structure and function

A

A membrane functions as a selectively permeable barrier that separates an internal environment from an external. Lets in nutrients, proteins, and water (proteins is #1) Membranes can mostly be described as a fluid mosaic of lipids (phospholipids) and proteins. Organized as a lipid bilayer

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11
Q

Fluid Mosaic

A

2D model of a cell where membrane is bendable with molecules moving. Contains many different molecules inside

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12
Q

Basic Cell

A

At it’s most basic, cell is a lipid bilayer bubble filled with fluid.

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13
Q

Membrane proteins and what do they have

A

Proteins associated with a membrane carry out most functions.
All membranes have transport proteins.
Plasma membranes also have receptor, adhesion, enzymes, and recognition proteins

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14
Q

Types of proteins

A

Transport protein- passively or actively assist specific ions across a membrane
Adhesion- helps cells stick together in tissues
Receptor- binds to a particular substance outside of the cell. Tags bad cells and tells your body to kill it.
Recognition- tags a cell as belonging to self

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14
Q

Cell Wall Variations

A

Archaeans do not build phospholipids with fatty acids, instead the phospholipid tails form covalent bonds with one another. Archaean membranes are far more rigid than those of bacteria or eukaryotes.

Most Archaean consist of proteins
Most bacterial consist of peptide (chained amino acids) and polysaccharide polymers.
Sticky polysaccharides form a slime layer, or capsule, around the cell wall of many bacteria

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15
Q

Single-celled bacteria and Archaeans

A

The smallest and most diverse forms of life.
The cytoplasm contains ribosomes and plasmids.
A single, circular chromosome is located in the nucleoid
Many have cell wall, flagella, or pili
Possess few internal membrane-enclosed compartments
Smallest and structurally simplest cells
Most numerous

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15
Q

Ribosome

A

Protein synthesizing organelle (makes proteins)

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16
Q

Nucleoid

A

Region of cytoplasm where DNA is concentrated inside a bacterium or archaean. (oid-similarity)

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17
Q

Flagellum

A

Long, slender, cellular structure used for motility (mobility in cells using energy) works like a tail

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18
Q

Pilus

A

A long thread of protein subunits (protein filament) that projects form bacterial cells surface allowing for clinging, motion or plasmid transmission (carry DNA genes)

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19
Q

Cell Wall

A

Semi-rigid but permeable structure that surrounds the plasma membrane of some cells

20
Q

Uniqueness of Eukaryotic Cells

A

Start out life with membrane-enclosed organelles including nucleus
Contain endomembrane system (ER, vesicles, and Golgi bodies), mitochondria, and cytoskeleton

21
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains cell’s genetic material (DNA)
Has a double-membraned nuclear envelope that surrounds cytoplasm

22
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

Controls passage of certain molecules between nucleus and cytoplasm
Receptors and transporters stud from both sides, other proteins for nuclear pores
Double membrane’s outer bilayer is continuous with ER membrane

23
Q

Endomembrane System

A

Includes rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER), vesicles, and Golgi
Makes and modifies lipids and proteins and recycles and disposes of molecules and particles

24
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

An organelle extension of the nuclear envelope consisting of a continuous system of sacs and tubes.
Site where new polypeptide chains are modified

25
Q

Vesicles

A

Small membrane-enclosed saclike vesicles form in a variety of types, either on own or by budding
Transport substances from one organelle to another, store, or degrade.
Lysosome, peroxisome and vacuole

26
Q

Lysosome

A

Enzyme-filled vesicle that functions in intercellular digestion

27
Q

Peroxisome

A

Enzyme-filled vesicle that breaks down amino acids, fatty acids, and toxins

28
Q

Vacuoule

A

A fluid filled organelle that isolates or disposes of waste, debris, or toxic materials
Central vacuole is fluid-filled vesicle in many plant cells

29
Q

Golgi Body

A

Enzymes in a Golgi body finish protein and lipids that are delivered by vesicles from the ER.

Modifies polypeptides and lipids, attaches phosphate groups and cuts polypeptides

Sorts and packages the finished products into vesicles that carry them to lysosomes or to the plasma membrane

30
Q

Mitochondria

A

make ATP by breaking down compounds in the oxygen-requiring pathway of aerobic respiration
Double membraned organelle
During aerobic respiration hydrogen ions accumulate between 2 membranes, the build up causes the ions to flow across the inner mitochondrial membrane through membrane transport proteins that drive formation of ATP

No mitochondria- no ATP- no energy

31
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Plastids that produce sugars by photosynthesis. Stacks of green coins, could be plant, protist, or bacteria.

32
Q

Theory of Endosymbiosis

A

Mitochondria evolved from aerobic bacteria that took up permanent residence inside a host cell.
Reasons: Resemble bacteria in size, form, and biochemistry
Have their own DNA, similar to bacterial DNA

(This means body contains more than one type of DNA, digestive tract isn’t even own body
Divide independently of the cell (have own ribosomes)

33
Q

Plastid

A

Organelle that functions in photosynthesis or storage (chloroplast or amyloplast)

34
Q

Dynamic Cytoskeleton

A

Cells aren’t shapeless blobs, like multicellular organisms they rely on a skeleton (without bones). Consists of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. Dynamic (moves around) framwork of protein filaments that support, organize, and move cells and their internal structures (tissues need movement to grow)

35
Q

Accessory Molecules

A

Cells move in ways analogous to the way that we skeleton-using vertebrates do. Relying on cytoskeletal elements

Motor proteins

36
Q

Motor Proteins

A

Energy-using proteins that interact with cytoskeletal elements to move the cells parts or whole cell when energized by phosphate-group transfer from ATP

37
Q

Pseudopods

A

Also known as false feet.
Move the cell and engulf their prey. Motor proteins attached to microfilaments drag the plasma membrane

38
Q

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

A

Complex mixture of cell secretions (fibrous stringy proteins and polysaccharides) that surround cells
Supports cells and tissues
Has roles in cell signaling

39
Q

Cuticle

A

Type of ECM
Secreted covering at a body surface
Chitin covering protects arthropods
Waxy coat protects plant’s exposed surfaces. keeps moisture inside

Fresh water fish are one of only organisms that don’t need a cuticle

40
Q

Animal ECM

A

Consists of various carbohydrates and proteins. Basis of tissue organization and provide structural support
Bone is mostly extracellular matrix composed of collagen (fibrous protein hardened by mineral deposits)
Living bone isn’t brittle, usually flexible unless weight bearing

41
Q

Plant ECM

A

Plant cell wall is a type of ECM. Pliable primary walls enclose secondary walls strengthened with ligin

42
Q

Cells walls are in

A

Plants, bacteria, fungi, and algae

43
Q

Parallel structures

A

Different types of eukaryotes have different structures that contain of different things but do the same job (different burger joints)

44
Q

Cell junctions

A

In animal tissues, cells are connected to their neighbors and to ECM by cell junctions

Cells send and receive ions and signals through junctions

Others help cells recognize and stick to each other and to ECM

45
Q

Difference between plant cells and animal cells

A

Plants- central vacuum, cytoplasm, cell wall
Animals- don’t have cells walls, or cnetral vacuum

46
Q

Life

A

Property that emerges from cellular components but a collection of these components in the same amounts and proportions is not necessarily alive (dead bodies are dead no matter if cells are organized right)

47
Q

Characteristics of living things (6)

A

They make and use organic molecules of life
They consist of one or more cells
They engage in self-sustaining biological processes (metabolism and homeostatis)
They change over their time by growing, maturing, and aging
They use DNA as hereditary material
They have the collective capacity to change over successive generations by adapting to environmental pressures

48
Q
A

Biology 1010 (11 decks)

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