Molecules, diet and nutrients Flashcards
What is BMR, what factors increase and decrease BMR
BMR - basal metabolic rate, the energy needed to stay alive at rest 1kcal/kg/bodymass/hr = 24kcal/kg/day Changes due to -age (decreases with age) -gender (men have a higher BMR) -body weight (increases with weight) -temp (increases when cold) -caffeine/stimulate (increases) -pregnancy/lactation -diet/starvation
Women BMR = 655 + (9.6 X weight kg X height cm X 4.7 Xage )
Men BMR = 66 + 13.7 X weight, 5 X height - 6.8 X age
How is energy stored in the body?
1) 15kg triglycerides
2) 300g Glycogen -150g muscle -200g liver
3) 6kg protein
What are the essential nutrients of the body?
essential nutrients cannot be synthesised by the body- fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins, minerals
amino acids - nine that cannot be synthesized -phenylalanine, valine, threonine, tryptophan, methionine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, and histidine (i.e., F V T W M L I K H)
What are the underweight, healthy, overweight and obese ranges of BMI?
BMI - body mass index, varies from men to women. Weight in kg divided height in cm squared
Underweight
How much carbohydrate is needed a day. Give some examples. How much energy per gram?
200-300g/day. Glucose, lactose, starch, frutose, sucrose.
4kcal/gram
Describe the Krebs cycle
- Acetyle(2C) Co A X 2
- 6C compound X2
- 5C compound (loss 2 X c02 and 2 X 2H - reduces NAD)
- 4C compound X 2 ( Co2, 2H, 2H, 2H - reduces 2NAD and 1FAD)
- Acetyle CoA
What is a peptide hormone?
A peptide hormone is made up of amino acids, some have glycoproteins. They bind to receptors on the cells that they affect and produce a quick chemical reaction. They are hydrophilic so they can travel in the blood stream. They are often made in cells then kept in vesicles until they are needed. Lipid-souble but not water soluble.
Eg, vasopressin, insulin, growth hormone
What is a steroid hormone?
Steroid hormones are made from cholestrol, they cannot dissolve in water or lipids. Therefore they bind to transport proteins to travel in the blood stream. They directly affect the DNA of cells so they have a slow response.
eg. Aldosterone, testosterone (-ol or -one)
What are amino acid-derived hormones?
Aminoacid-derived are small hormones that are water-soluble and insoluble in lipids they often end in ‘ine’
eg,
-epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenal medulla).
-thyroxine (thryoid gland)
-melatonin (pineal gland).
What is a hormone?
A molecule that acts as a chemical messenger
What is primary hypothyroidism?
Primary hypothyroidism means that there is a problem with the thyroid gland. (it is under active)
Because it is underactive less thyroxine is produced, (this is an example of negative feedback), because the anterior pituitary gland detects the low levels o thyroxine it produces an increased amount of Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Primary hypothyroidism = low thyroxine, high TSH
What is primary hyperthyroidism?
Primary hyperthyroidism means that there is a problem with the thyroid gland. (it is over active)
Because it is overactive more thyroxine is produced, (-ve feedback) because of this the anterior pituitary gland produces less Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).
Primary hyperthyroidism = high thyroxine, low TSH
What is secondary hypothyroidism?
Secondary hypothyroidism means that there is a problem with the pituitary gland (it is underactive)
This means it doesnt produce enough thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), so the Thyroid gland doesn’t produce enough thyroxine.
Secondary hypothyroidism = low TSH, low thyroxine
What is secondary hyperthyroidism?
Secondary hyperthyroidism means that there is a problem with the pituitary gland (it is overactive)
This means it produces too much thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), so the thyroid gland produces an excess of thyroxine.
Secondary hyperthyroidism = high TSH, high thyroxine
What is tertiary hyperthyroidism?
When the pituitary is continuously producing TSH
