ATP Flashcards
Describe the ATP-ADP cycle
1) ATP- adenosine triphosphate (potential energy)
2) Hydrolysed - removal of a phosphate = energy
3) ADP - adenosine diphosphate
4) Energy required to add another phosphate group = ATP
How is ATP regenerated?
How is ATP regenerated? Requires a source of energy - glucose, fatty acids, amino acids.
Three main sets of reactions are;
Glycolysis,
Kreb’s cycle
Oxidative phosphoylation
What are the names for creating ATP directly and indirectly?
Directly = substrate level phosphorylation Indirectly = oxidative phosphorylation = via electron transport chain
Name two electron accepting co-enzymes?
NAD - Each NADH is oxidised by the ETC to produce 2.5 ATPs
FAD - Each FADH2 is oxidised by the ETC to produce 1.5ATPs
GLYCOLYSIS MNEMONIC
prep stage and ATP generating phase
Gorgeous Girls F*ck Fine (Dutch) Gentlemen But Prevent Proper Penile Penetration Glucose
G -Glucose G- Glucose - 6 - phosphate F- Fructose - 6 - phosphate F- Fructose - 1, 6 - biphosphate (D)- (Dihydroxyacetone phosphate) G- Glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate B- 1, 3 - biphosphoglycerate P- 3 - phosphoglycerate P- 2 - phosphoglycerate P - Phosphoenolpyruvate P- Pyruvate
prep phase - requires 2ATP
Glucose - 6 - phosphate, Fructose - 6 - phosphate, Fructose - 1, 6 - biphosphate
ATP generating phase - reduces 2NADH, generates 4ATP
Fructose - 1, 6 - biphosphate, (Dihydroxyacetone phosphate), Glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate, 1, 3 - biphosphoglycerate, 3 - phosphoglycerate, 2 - phosphoglycerate, Phosphoenolpyruvate, Pyruvate
=reduces 2NADH, generates 2ATP
ENZYMES OF GLYCOLYSIS MNEMONIC
Helen Pleases People At (Tutorials) Giving People Perfect Exam Prep
Hexokinase Phosphoglucose isomerase Phosphofructokinase - 1 Aldolase (Triose phosphate isomerase) Glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate dehydrogenase Phosphoglycerate kinase Phosphoglyceromutase Enolase Pyruvate kinase
Where does glycolysis take place?
Glycolysis takes place in the cytosol
What is the rate limiter of glycolysis?
Phosphofructokinase = enzyme for reaction 3
Why is glycolysis inhibited by acidosis?
Acidic conditions inhibit phosphofructokinase (enzyme for 3rd reaction)
Kreb’s mnemonic
Officer Can I Keep Selling Sex For Money Oxaloacetate (4c)
Oxaloacetate (4c) Citrate (6c) Isocitrate (6c) alpha - Ketoglutarate (5c) Succinyl CoA (4c) Succinate (4c) Fumarate (4c) Malate (4c)
Back to oxaloacetate
Where does the Kreb’s cycle take place?
Matrix of the mitochondria
Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?
The inner membrane of the mitochondria
Explain how the ETC works
1) reduced coenzyme carries H+ and electron to the ETC in the inner mitochondrial matrix
2) electron passes from one electron carrier molecule to another in a series of oxidation and reduction reactions
3) The protons move across the inner mitochondrial membrane creating a high H+ conc
4) H+ ions diffuse down the electrochemical gradient
5) H+ diffusion allows ATPase to cataylse ATP synthesis
6) The electrons and H+ combine with O2 to form H20
7) This is known as oxidative phosphorylation
(if o2 supply stops ETC chain and oxidative phosphorylation stops)
How much ATP is produced during aerobic respiration?
Net gain of 2ATP from glycolysis
1 form each Krebs cycle (2 per glucose)
32-34 from the ETC (due to reduced NAD and FAD)
