Histology: Blood vessels and nerves Flashcards
What is the blood made up of?
1% WBCs
43% RBCs
56% Plasma - water, salts and minerals, plasma proteins, hormones, signal molecules and clotting factors
(plasma - blood with cellular blood components removed
serum - blood plasma that has had clotting factors removed)
What are erythrocytes?
- what is their life span
- where are they produced
- Nucleus? Shape?
- Where are they destroyed
Erythrocytes are RBCs
- they have a 4 month life span
- produced in liver(featus) and bone marrow
- Enucleate,(no nucleus) biconcave discs - 7.5µm in diameter
- Major protein is haemoglobin, carries O2 and CO2
- Destroyed in liver and spleen
- Cell membrane has important endoskeleton attached
What are leukocytes? What different types are there?
WBC
1) Granulocytes
- have visible granules
- nuceli stain blue
a) neutrophils 40-75% - neutral
b) eosinophils 5% - acid loving (eosin is the acid part of stains) red
c) basophils 0.5% - base loving - blue
2) Agranulocytes
- no visible granules
a) Lymphocytes 20-50%
b) Monocytes 1-5%
3) Platelets
- cell fragments
What are Neutrophils?
Neutrophils are leukocytes I (WBC) - neutral
- From granulocyte series (visible granules)
- Most abundant
- Multi lobed nucleus (hard to differietiate) and granular cytoplasm
- Phagocytic
- Humoral deference
- Circulate in blood and invade tissue spaces
- Engulfs and destroys bacteria and other foreign macromolecules
What are the different types of cytoplasmic granules
- Primary
lyzosome-digestive enzymes - Secondary
specific granules secrete substances that mobilize inflammatory mediates - Tertiary
secrete gelatinases and promote cell adhesion
What are Eosinophils?
Eosinophils are leukocytes II (WBC)
- granulocyte
- 1% of total WBC population
- lobed nucleus
- large distinctive ORANGE?RED nucleus cytoplasmic granules with cystalline inclusion
- Antagonistic in action to basophils
- Characteristic lozenge-shaped granules with cystalline cores
- Phagocytic particularly antigen/antibody complexes
- have receptors for IgE
- inhibit mast cell secretion
- neutralise histamine
What are Basophils?
Basophils are leucocytes III (WBC)
- granulocytes series
- least common WBCs
- bilobed nucleus
- predominant DARK BLUE-staining cytoplasmic granules
- similar function to mast cells
- granules contain histamine
- receptors for igE
What are monocytes?
Monocytes are agranulocytes II
- immature cells that circulate briefly in the blood
- kidney-shaped nucleus
- larger than lymphocytes
- differentiate into different cell types
- major defensive and phc role
- some become APCs passing antigen fragments to lymphocytes
- small cytoplasmic granules mostly lysosomes
- higher phagocytic
What are platelets?
Fragments of cells derived from a multi-nucleated megakaryocytes in the bone marrow
- 1-3 nanom in diameter
- surrounded by cell membrane containing vesicles with coagulation factors
- responsible for blood clotting notably when endothelium lining of blood vessels is breached
Name the different types of agranylocytes
1)Lymphocytes
-B cells (become plasma cells and secrete antibodies)
-T cells, cell-mediated immunity, blue/grey cytoplasm
T-helper cells (help B cells activate macrophages)
T-Cytotoxic cells (kills previously marked cells)
T suppressor cells (suppress TH cells and hence suppress the immune system)
Natural kill cells (many kill virus infected cells)
2)Monocytes
Describe the appearance of Neutrophils
Neutrophils (neutral)
- Granular
- Multi lobed nucleus
Describe the appearance of Eosinophils
Eosinophils (acid loving)
- RED/ORANGE large ‘lozenge shaped’ cytoplasmic granules
- Lobed nucleus
Describe the appearance of Basophils
Basophils (basic loving)
- Blue-staining cytoplasmic granules
- Bilobed nucleus
Describe the appearance of Monocytes
Monocytes
- kidney shaped nucleus
- larger than lymphocytes
- small cytoplasmic granules mostly lysosomes
