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Botany PSC103 > Molecules And Cells > Flashcards

Molecules And Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What main chemical bonds are formed?

A

Covalent - Electrons shared as in molecular oxygen and carbon compounds.
Hydrogen - weak forces in water - surface tension and in DNA
Ionic - One partner steals an electron from the other e.g.. salt NaCl
Peptide - covalent bonds in protein
Sulphur - these covalent bonds help proteins fold (S-S)

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2
Q

What are the 6 most common elements in plants?

A

Calcium,magnesium and potassium make up 99.95% of dry matter in plants.

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3
Q

What are Macronutrients composed of?

A 
Nitrogen - Proteins,nucleic acids and alkaloids
Carbon C - Organic molecules
Hydrogen H2 - Organic molecules
Oxygen O2 - Organic molecules
Phosphorous P - Proteins,Nucleic acids
Sulphur S - proteins
Calcium Ca - Cell wall cytoplasm
Magnesium Mg - Chlorophyll
Potassium K - Vacuoles, Cytoplasm
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4
Q

What is energy and what happens to energy?

A

Energy is the ability to do work and it can not be created or destroyed only changed(stored)

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5
Q

What work do plants do?

A 
Make bonds -
Form molecules (carbohydrates,proteins,nucleic acids,lipids) which result in growth and development.
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6
Q

What do chemical bonds do?

A

Hold molecules together
Take energy to form
Require energy to break
Are a way of storing energy

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7
Q

What role does water have in plants ?

A

Makes up solutions in which reactions occur (polar solvent)
Creates pressure within cells to make plant organs rigid(Turgor pressure)
Used in chemical reactions
Used to transport materials around the plant

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8
Q

What are the consequences of polarity of water molecules and hydrogen molecules bonding in water?

A

Highly effective solvent and can easily dissolve salts,many gases and polar organic compounds.
Cohesion – water molecules can be drawn from soil up through the roots and tree trunks to leaves to a height of 110 metres.
High specific heat – cools leaves by evaporation; buffer temperature changes in and near large bodies of water. Highest density at 4oC; water ice floats; liquid water remains under ice on lakes in winter.

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9
Q

What are plant synthesised molecules?

A

Carbohydrates,Proteins,Nucleic acid

Lipids.

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10
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

Compounds containing Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen.

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11
Q

What is the function if carbohydrates in plants?

A

Energy storage such as sugars and starch. Structural building materials - cellulose in plants.
Product of photosynthesis - Carbon from CO2 - hydrogen from water, oxygen from water.

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12
Q

What does Monosaccharide mean?

A

Mono = one Saccharide = sugar

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13
Q

What does Disaccharide mean?

A

Di = Two Sugars (Two monosaccharides bonded together)

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14
Q

What is an example of a disaccharide?

A

Sucrose C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 = C12H22O11+H2O

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15
Q

What are micronutrients?

A

They are in tiny amounts and they function as co-factors. They help the biological protein catalysts - enzymes perform their functions.

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16
Q

What does starch do in plants?

A

Store carbohydrate energy, they are long and slightly branched chains of Glucose. They have no interactions with other chains.

17
Q

What does cellulose do in plants?

A

They are a structural Carbohydrate and are the structural component of plants. Only a slight difference to starch and have a dramatic difference in form and function.

18
Q

What are lipids?

A

Very high energy stores. Contain 2 or 3 fatty acids and Glycerol.

19
Q

What is the difference between liquid and solid lipids?

A

The number of double bonds(bends in tails) - more bends more liquid.

20
Q

What are Biological membranes?

A

Phospholipids
– Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group
• Makes up biological membranes
• Each molecule is a little AC/DC
• Each molecule has one end that hates water and
the other end that loves water (hydrophobic and hydrophilic)
• Result in a lipid bilayer
– Hydrophobic (water hating) tails together pointing in – Hydrophilic (water loving) heads together pointing out
• Result a membrane!

21
Q

What do membranes do?

A

• Compartmentalize – keep things together or apart
• Store energy – act like a „hydro dam‟
• Hold onto things – proteins embedded
in membranes
• Selectively permeable- allow some things in keeps other things out

22
Q

What are Amino acids and proteins?

A

• Amino acids are individuals (Monomer- subunits)
• Proteins are chains of amino acids • Function of Proteins
– Structural - building material for organisms
– Cytoskeleton – microtubles & actin filaments (see Unit 2.2)
– Enzymes – Special proteins that help in chemical reactions but are not part of the chemical reaction (biological catalysts)

23
Q

What are Enzymes?

A

Enzymes ( biological catalysts)
• ALL enzymes are proteins
• NOT ALL proteins are enzymes

24
Q

What happens in Biological reactions?

A

Most Biological Reactions:
• Will not occur spontaneously
• Activation energy (energy required to start the
reaction) is too high
• Must have enzymes to lower activation energy
• Enzymes therefore can be used as a means of controlling reactions
– No enzymes = no reaction
– Produce enzymes = reaction carried out

25
Q

What are Nucleic acids?

A

Nucleic acids
• Store the “blueprint” for the metabolism and production of each cell.
• Each cell has an identical copy of DNA in every cell.
• RNA (Ribonucleic acid) – protein synthesis
• ATP – energy currency

26
Q

Remember Nucleic acids

A

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is a key form of nucleic acid. It does not incorporate into DNA or RNA but rather acts as an short term energy storage compound

27
Q

DNA The double helix

A

Deoxyribose Sugar- Phosphate backbone- „sides of ladder‟
•Covalent bonds
•Complementary base pairing-
„rungs of ladder‟
•Purine pairs with a Pyrimidines via Hydrogen
bonds A-T G-C

28
Q

What is Oxidation?

A

Oxidation:- removal of hydrogen, addition of O2.
Oxidation:- involves loss of electrons and energy.


29
Q

What is Reduction?

A

Reduction:- addition of H+
Reduction:- involves gain of electrons and energy

30
Q

Where do they occur?

A

Oxidation and reduction reactions always occur together! (REDOX Reactions)
If one molecule is reduced and gains e- then something must be oxidized and loses e-.
Oxidation and reduction reactions occur in photosynthesis and respiration
Energy is present in bonds of molecules like glucose
When H is removed H+ and e- (oxidation) energy is lost.
When H+ and e- are added (reduction) energy is gained
If one compound is oxidized the other is reduced. ENERGY changed not CREATED

Botany PSC103 (25 decks)

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