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molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What elements do carbohydrates contain?

A

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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2
Q

What 3 groups are carbohydrates classified in?

A

monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides

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3
Q

What do monosaccharides include?

A

glucose, fructose and galactose

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4
Q

What are monosaccharides

A

a single sugar, mainly used in respiration to provide energy and growth during the formation of larger carbohydrates

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5
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

when two monosaccharides are joined together by glycosidic bonds in a condensation reaction.

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6
Q

What’s a disaccharide formula?

A

C12H22O11

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7
Q

How can a disaccharide be broken down into its monosaccharides?

A

hydrolysis reaction

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8
Q

How can disaccharides be hydrolysed?

A

by boiling with acid or heating with an enzyme at an optimum temperature

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9
Q

3 disaccharides

A

maltose, sucrose and lactose

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10
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

large polymers of monosaccharide molecules

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11
Q

3 polysaccharides

A

cellulose, starch and glycogen

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12
Q

What is the function of polysaccharides?

A

storage and structural

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13
Q

What’s provides rigidity and shape to the cell?

A

Cellulose

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14
Q

What’s cellulose made up of?

A

many beta glucose molecules joined together by condensation reactions to form long straight chains

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15
Q

What’s starch?

A

Storage carbohydrates found in plants, consisting of long alpha glucose molecules

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16
Q

Why is starch suited to its function as its storage compound?

A
  1. insolulble and therefore osmotically inactive
  2. helical shape forming a compact store
  3. contains a large number of glucose molecules providing an abundant supply of respiratory substrate
  4. it is too large to cross the cell membrane and remains where its formed
17
Q

What is starch hydrolysed by?

A

the enzyme amylase to produce maltose

18
Q

What’s glycogen?

A

the storage carbohydrate found in the cytoplasm of animal cells

19
Q

Where’s glycogen stored?

A

in liver and muscles tissues

20
Q

is glycogen insoluble?

A

yes

21
Q

What do lipids contain?

A

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

22
Q

What’s triglycerides?

A

a type of lipid formed by joining 3 fatty acids to one glycerol molecule during a condensation reaction with the loss of 3 water molecules

23
Q

What’s the general formula of a fatty acid?

A

R-COOH

24
Q

What does R represent?

A

a long hydrocarbon chain

25
Q

What does COOH represent?

A

a carboxylic acid group

26
Q

what does hydrated mean?

A

no carbon double bonds in R group

27
Q

How can lipids be hydrolysed into fatty acids and glycerol?

A

heating with acid or alkali and using the enzyme lipase at an optimum temperature and pH

28
Q

What does a phospholipid molecule consist of?

A

one glycerol, two fatty acids and a phosphate group joined in a condensation reaction

29
Q

Explain the formation of a phospholipid

A

The phospholipid molecule has a polar hydrophilic head (attracts water)containing the phosphate group, and a non polar hydrophobic tail (repels water) containing long fatty acids

30
Q

What do proteins contain?

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes sulphur

31
Q

What are amino acids joined together by?

A

peptide bonds

32
Q

what do 2 amino acids joined together make?

A

a dipeptide

33
Q

name 3 fibrous proteins?

A

keratin in nails and collagen in bone

34
Q

globular proteins

A

hormones, information role

35
Q

quaternary structure of a protein

A

haemoglobin and antibodies

36
Q

what does benedicts test for?

A

for reducing sugars

37
Q

what colour does it turn if starch is present?

A

yellow/orange

38
Q

what colour does it turn if protein is present?

A

purple

39
Q

what colour does it turn if surose is present?

A

blue

Biology (17 decks)

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