Molecules Flashcards
Monosaccharides
It's a class of carbohydrates. Has a back bone of in branches carbon atoms.
Carbohydrates
Can’t have an odd number of hydrogens
Must have an aldehyde or a ketone, or two or more alcohol functional group
What constitutes a L or D isomer
If the hydroxyl group is on the left it’s L, if the hydroxyl group is on the right it’s D
Which carbon is the reference carbon?
The chiral carbon which is most distant from the carbonyl carbon
What AA do we have and what sugars
L-AA and D-sugar
If you use a Benedict’s reagent and it turns brick red, what does that mean?
That a hemiketal or hemiacetal group is present.
What does a hemiacetal derive from? A hemiketal?
Aldehyde and ketone respectively.
Polysaccharides
Starch and glycogen. Important for storage.
Starch
Good food reserve for plants, major carbohydrate source for humans.
Starts being broken down in mouth with salivary amylase
Glycogen
Storage polysaccharide located in skeletal muscle and liver tissue
Lipids
Can be fatty acids Triacylglycerols Glycerophospholipids Shipngolipids Cholesterol
Triacylglycerols are usually found where? What do they do?
Within adipocytes. Neutral fats that serve as storage depots for fuel in metabolism
Which have a higher melting point, saturated or unsaturated fats?
Saturated the kink decreases the can see Waals interaction
Glycerophospholipids
They are amphiphilic and are usually just called phospholipids
Sphingolipids
Usually based of alcohol not glycerol also becomes sphingomyelin. Which is used in myelin sheaths
Cholesterol
Synthesized in the cytosol.
Major constituent of PMs in EU
Intermediate in biosynthesis of all human steroids
Slightly amphiphilic
What are 5 steroid hormones?
Progesterones Glucocorticoids Mineralocorticoids Androgens Estrogens
Progesterone function
Prepares uterine lining for implantation of an ovum. It’s necessary fir the endometrial lining and maintaining pregnancy
Cortisol
Secreted from cells from the adrenal cortex.
Liver- cortisol increases both glycogen synthesis and gluconeogenesis
Skeletal muscle- decreases glucose uptake and protein synthesis.
Aldosterone
Released from adrenal cortex
Increased reapportion of sodium at the level of the kidney, intestines, salivary and sweat glands
Increases ECF fluid and that increases blood volume which in turn increase blood volume, BP and blood flow
Testosterone
Synthesized in the male leydig cells.
Aids in sperm maturation
Important for creating secondary characteristics.
Estradiol
Primary estrogen in women and it’s made in the theca cells of the ovarian follicles
