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Microbiology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Virus facts!

A
  1. ) viruses can only reproduce with cells.
  2. ) they can’t do any rxns on their own, but they may have stored some ATP
  3. ) virus’s are not cells or living organisms.
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2
Q

How Bacteriophage do get into plant and in human cells?

A

They get in via puncturing for plant and they get internalized by animal cells

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3
Q

What purpose does overlapping serve for viruses?

A

It allows the virus to make more than one protein within a given stream of the genome

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4
Q

The envelope of animal viruses is composed of what?

A

Phospholipids, proteins, carbs from original host membrane.

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5
Q

When are viruses naked? Animal, plant, or bacteria?

A

Plant and bacteria due to the cell wall

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6
Q

Bacteriophage life cycle?

A
  1. ) gene binds to bacterial cell wall via adsorption
  2. ) via eclipsing or penetrating the viral genome gets inserted
  3. ) either lytic cycle or lysogenic
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7
Q

Explain the lytic cycle of phages?

A
  1. ) host’s genome gets broken down via hydrolases.
  2. ) mult copies of the phage genome gets copied via host dNTP.
  3. ) capsid gets formed
  4. ) lysozyme is produced and it breaks down cell walls
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8
Q

What is the lytic cycle good for?

A

Great to increase number if viruses, but it kills the host

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9
Q

What is co-infection?

A

When two viruses infect the same cell

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10
Q

Lysogenic cycle?

A

Phage genome gets incorporated into host genome making a prophage. Host is now a lysogen.
Propage gets replicated until activated to go through excision and go to lytic cycle

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11
Q

Animal cells and provirus

A

Much like the lysogen if model of bacterial viruses. It lies dormant for a while and then expresses itself when the host is user stress

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12
Q

+RNA virus is what

A

Single stranded viral RNA which serves as an mRNA.

It is RNA dependent RNA polymerase. So it encodes the RNA pol and it doesn’t need to carry.

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13
Q

-RNA virus

A

Must carry RNA dependent RNA pol and it needs to carry it too.

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14
Q

Retrovirus

A

Encode reverse transcriptase and at times can be dormant proviruses.

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15
Q

Bacterial structure

A

No membrane bound organelles. So like ribosomes are found in eu and pro since they are not membrane bound

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16
Q

Conjugation

A

Bacterial exchange of information

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17
Q

Cell membrane and cell wall

A

The cell membrane is a lipid bolster which is surrounded by a peptidoglycan complex polymer which is unique to prokaryotes. Bacterial AA are D

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18
Q

What would happens to a cell wall when it comes in contact with a lysozyme?

A

It degrades and the fragile left over of a cell membrane is a protoplasm

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19
Q

Gram positive

A

Dark purple stain. They have a thick peptidoglycan layer with nothing beyond that

20
Q

Gram negative

A

Thin peptidoglycan later followed by peri plastic space which may degrade abx. Then another peptidoglycan layer.

21
Q

Endotoxins

A

Only within gram neg bacteria also generally harmless, but because our body tries over fighting it we go into septic shock from all the chemicals

22
Q

Exotoxins

A

Very poisonous and carried by both pos and neg bacteria and they compete with our own bacteria

23
Q

Capsule of bacteria

A

Made up of poly sacch goo that makes it all sticky.

24
Q

Flagella

  1. ) monotrichous
  2. ) amphitrichous
  3. ) peritrichous
A
  1. ) one flagella
  2. ) flagella on both sides
  3. ) multiple flagella
25
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

Use oxygen when it is around, but don’t need it

26
Q

Tolerant anaerobes

A

Grow in the presence and absence of oxygen. Essentially don’t use it within their metabolism

27
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Poisoned by oxygen

28
Q

Within aneoribic respiration

A

Oxygen is not the final electron acceptor

29
Q

The coding sense strand has the same sequence as what?

A

The mRNA transcript

30
Q

What initiates prokaryotic transcription?

A

A halo enzyme

31
Q

What regulates prokaryotic transcription?

A

Repressive enzymes. They are always on and inductive are always off

32
Q

What is a lac operon?

A

Coding sequence for enzymes it’s an upstream regulatory sequence for control sites

33
Q

Where does transcription take place in pro what about eu?

A

Cytoplasm for pro and it can occur at the same time as translation.

Eu has transcription and editing occur in the nucleus where it gets transferred over the nuclear membrane and then gets translated in the cytoplasm. Can’t occur at the same time.

34
Q

Chemoautorophs

A

Build organic molecules from co2

35
Q

Chemo heterotrophs

A

Humans are chemoheterotrophs. We need organic molecules like glucose made by other organisms

36
Q

Photo autotrophs.

A

Use co2 for carbon and get energy from the sun

37
Q

Photoheterotrophs

A

Require other molecules for carbon but use sun for energy

38
Q

Auxotroph

A

Can’t survive in minimal media

39
Q

Binary fission

A

Essentially mitosis for bacteria. They replicate until there is enough material for two cells

40
Q

How many cells will grow of bacteria

A

2^n where n is number of divisions

41
Q

Endospore formation

A

Which are done by gram positive. It has a peptidoglycan shell, has genomes and ribosomes, and it can survive up to 100C works when conditions are perfect

42
Q

Metabolic reactivation

A

Occurs during stationary phase of life cycle it’s important for sleeping through while having lack of nutrients.

43
Q

3 types of genetic exchange of bacteria is?

A

Transduction
Transformation
Conjugation

44
Q

Transduction

A

Genetic DNA is transferred

45
Q

Transformation

A

Uptake from surroundings

46
Q

Conjugation

A

Recombination can occur
F- becomes F+.
Te male has the high frequency recombination within its genome

Biology (6 decks)

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