Molecular Biology

Question 0

Nucleoside

Answer 0

Ribose w/ a purine or a pyramidine linked to the primary carbon. Beta faces up

Question 1

DNA structure

Answer 1

CUT is pyramidines
GA purines

The exterior is the bases held within h bonds the interior is hydrophobic due to the lack of hydrogen bonds. Always 3.4 angstroms

Question 2

Nucleotide

Answer 2

A nucleoside w/ a phosphate group attached as an ester by a 5’hydroxyl. Sometimes have the suffix -ylate

Question 3

What is the back bone of DNA?

Answer 3

Ribose and phosphate section

Question 4

What is the specific variable portion of DNA?

Answer 4

The bases (CATG) is important for the variation and the specificity.

Question 5

Polynucleotide

Answer 5

Linked from 3’ hydroxy to 5’ phosphate. Linked by phosphodiester bonds. Always written 5’-3’. Also. If there is only some nucleotides then we consider this to be oligonucleotides.

Question 6

How is DNA held together?

Answer 6

Via H bonds at the bases. They are held in an anti-parallel fashion within the secondary structure within beta sheets. Also remember. GC boss had 3 hydrogen bonds while TA bonds have 2.

Question 7

Annealing or hybridization

Answer 7

Binding two complementary strands if DNA together.

Question 8

Tm

Answer 8

Temp where 50% of the DNA is denatured.

You can increase the ™ by adding a methyl group since we are making it waiver this increasing the boiling point.

Question 9

Genome

Answer 9

Sum total of an organisms genetic information.

Question 10

Chromosome

Answer 10

Each price of the ds DNA. Humans have 46 chromosomes.

Question 11

Gyrase

Answer 11

Prokaryotes have this enzyme. Eukaryotes do not. It uses the energy of ATP to twist the molecule. It breaks down DNA in order to super coil

Question 12

Eukaryotic DNA

Answer 12

Wraps around histones. 8 histones make a nucleosome.

Fully packed DNA is called chromatin. Which is fully packed nucleosomes.

Question 13

DNA build up

Answer 13

Deoxyribose>add base>nucleoside>add 3 phosphates > nucleotides>polymerize lose 2 phosphates> oligonucleotides or poly nucleotides > sspolynucleotide> double stranded with hydrogen bonds > ds dab chain> coiling> double helix> histones wrap > nucleosomes> complete packaging> chromatin> chromosome

Question 14

Gene

Answer 14

Sequences of nucleotides

Question 15

Where does transcription occur? Translation?

Answer 15

Transcription occurs in the nucleus before traveling to cytoplasm for translation

Question 16

Codon

Answer 16

Nucleic word

Question 17

Nonsense codon

Answer 17

Stop codon

Question 18

Genetic mutations occur where?

Answer 18

During replication in cell division

Question 19

Point mutation

Answer 19

Single base pair substitution.
Transition- pyramidine for a pyramidine
Transversion- purine for pyrimadine

Question 20

What are the three types of point mutations?

Answer 20

1. ) missence mut- 1aa for another aa
2. ) nonsense mut- stop codon
3. ) silent mut- same aa is the result

Question 21

What types of mutations are dangerous?

Answer 21

Frame shift mutations.

Insertions and deletions. This can be whole codon deletion or this can be single nucleotide mutation

Question 22

When does DNA replication occur?

Answer 22

Within interphase during S phase. It’s an enzymatic process.

THINK S like start

Question 23

DNA replication is what?

Answer 23

Semi conservative

Question 24

Helicase

Answer 24

Uses ATP to break the hydrogen bonds of DNA in order to begin unwinding at the origin of replication

Question 25

Prokaryotes have 3 types of DNA pols

Answer 25

Pol III- 5-3’ polymerizing activity and 3-5’ exonuclease
Pol 2- dies nothing
Pol1- removes primer via 5-3 exonuclease. Other wise sane as 3

Question 26

Repair enzymes

Answer 26

Prokaryotes and they remove chemically damaged DBS from the chain.

Question 27

Restriction enzymes

Answer 27

Destroy DNA of infecting viruses

Question 28

RNA transcription lacks what compared to translation

Answer 28

3-5’ exonuclease activity

Question 29

3 RNA pol

Answer 29

Eukaryotes

1. ) transcribe rRNA
2. ) transcribe mRNA
3. ) transcribe tRNA

Question 30

mRNA goes through what before translation?

Answer 30

Modified extensively by RNA pol 2. Most likely in the nucleus. Within the nucleus you will finding introns being snipped

Question 31

Within translation, which is the codon and which is the anticodon

Answer 31

mRNA is codon and tRNA is anti codon

Question 32

How can you error level within tRNA?

Answer 32

.999^n where n is the # of AA