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Biology 12 > Molecular Genetics (Unit 3) - chapter 6 > Flashcards

Molecular Genetics (Unit 3) - chapter 6 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Recall _______ experiments with pea plants
in the 1800’s

A

Mendel’s

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2
Q

He proposed a “factor” for each trait that was
passed on from parents to offspring – ______

A

genes

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3
Q

A ____ is the coding region of DNA that
contains instructions to build a protein

A

gene

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4
Q

Some fundamental genes are shared by almost
all living organisms (T/F)

A

TRUE

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5
Q

There is a lot of _____ that needs to fit inside every
single cell of an organism

A

DNA

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6
Q

This is accomplished same or differently in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

differently

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7
Q

In eukaryotes, DNA coils around ______ proteins
to form complexes that combine to form
______

A

histone
chromatin

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8
Q

Eukaryotes also have small amounts of DNA in
their _______ and _______, which is
similar in structure to that found in prokaryotes

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts

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9
Q

DNA in archaea and bacteria is found in
simple _____________

A

loop-shaped chromosomes

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10
Q

The _______ consists of the entire set of DNA in
an organism

A

genome

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10
Q

They may also contain ______, small
accessory loops of DNA

A

plasmids

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11
Q

Bacterial DNA is found in an area called the _______

A

nucleoid

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12
Q

Humans and many other eukaryotes are _____ –
their chromosomes occur in homologous pairs

A

diploid

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13
Q

Bees, wasps, and ants are _______: the
females are diploid, while the males are haploid

A

haplo-diploid

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14
Q

Plants can be _____ …

A

haploid, diploid, triploid, tetraploid,
hexaploid…

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15
Q

In 1868, he studied
the composition of the
nucleus

A

Meischer

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16
Q

Meischer Extracted an unknown substance
that was _____ and contained ______

Named it “_____”

A

acidic, phosphorus
nuclein

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16
Q

Meischer Collected ____ from
bandages (mostly
WBC’s)

A

pus

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17
Q

In 1928, he studied pneumonia bacteria
(epidemic in Europe at the end of WWI)

A

Griffith

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18
Q

___-strain (smooth) vs.
___-strain (rough)

A

S-strain (smooth) vs.
R-strain (rough)

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19
Q

Griffith research Showed some sort of
hereditary transmission - _______

A

transformation

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20
Q

Griffith Injected ____ with each
strain and various
combinations

A

mice

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21
Q

Based on Griffith’s
findings, they carried
out similar studies in
1944 using
Streptococcus

A

Avery, McLeod,
&McCarty

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22
Q

Possible transforming
substances were ___, ____ and _____

A

DNA, RNA, and proteins

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23
Q

Results showed that
____ was the hereditary
substance (went against
current thinking –
proteins)

A

DNA

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24
Q

In 1952, they attempted
to verify if DNA or
protein was the genetic
material

A

Hershey &
Chase

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25
Q

Used _______
and E. coli bacteria

A

bacteriophages

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26
Q

Labelled _______
of phosphorus (DNA)
and sulfur (protein) to
determine what part
was being affected
(DNA or protein coat)

A

radioisotopes

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27
Q

Found radioactivity
only inside cells : _____

A

DNA

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28
Q

An organic chemist

Disagreed with
common thinking that
there was an equal
concentration of A, T,
C, and G

A

Chargaff

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29
Q

In 1950, he discovered
that the bases occur in
definite ratios where
A= ___ and C = ____

Now known as
Chargaff’s Ratios

A

A= T and C = G

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30
Q

Purine example

A

A and G

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31
Q

Pyrimidines example

A

T and C

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32
Q

Used X-ray crystallography to study
shape of DNA molecule

A

Wilkins & Franklin

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33
Q

____ produced clearer crystallographs
than Wilkins, whose work showed a ____ structure

A

Franklin
helical

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34
Q

X shape suggested _______ rotating
______, with _______ backbone on the outside

A

double helix
clockwise
sugar-phosphate

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35
Q

In 1952, they were building a variety of models of DNA to determine the structure

A

Watson & Crick

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36
Q

Wilkins revealed some of Franklin’s work, which helped them realize that a double helix model fit all of the known information

Strands must run _______

A

anti-parallel

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37
Q

Due to the work of ______ (4 ppl), an accurate model of DNA was determined in the 1950s

A

Watson, Crick, Franklin, and
Wilkins

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38
Q

DNA has a _____helix structure, with the “sides”
consisting of alternating _______ and
________

A

double
deoxyribose sugars
phosphates

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39
Q

The “rungs” consist of ______ base pairs (A, T, C,
&G)

A

nucleotide

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40
Q

The strands run _________ to each other

A

antiparallel

41
Q

The _____ on the 3’ carbon of deoxyribose is at one end of the strand

A

hydroxyl

42
Q

The ________ on the 5’ carbon is at the other end

A

phosphate

43
Q

The strands run in _______ directions

A

opposite

44
Q

In 1958, Meselson and Stahl verified that DNA
replication was _________

A

semiconservative

45
Q

Then transferred colonies to a growth medium
of _______, allowed to _____ for one or
two rounds

A

normal N
replicate

46
Q

Used “heavy” _____of nitrogen (15N) to
label E. coli bacteria (lots of N in DNA!)

A

isotopes

47
Q

:. New DNA would contain “light”
N and ______ could be measured

A

density

48
Q

Eukaryotic DNA replication is similar to
prokaryotic, but more complex due to its ________ and ________

A

linear configuration
sheer volume

49
Q

DNA helicase Unwinds DNA by breaking apart _______ between base pairs

A

H-bonds

50
Q

DNA replication Consists of 3 steps:

A

Strand separation

Building complementary strands

Dealing with errors

50
Q

_______: Y-shaped region of
separation

A

Replication fork

51
Q

Step 1: Strand Separation -

________ binds to specific nucleotide
sequences (replication origins)

A

DNA helicase

52
Q

2 problems:

A

Tension on DNA behind fork (topoisomerase)

Separated strands tend to anneal (SSBPs)

53
Q

Helicase will separate strands in both
directions, forming a __________

A

replication bubble

54
Q

There can be many replication bubbles at any
given time on a strand of DNA (T/F)

A

TRUE

55
Q

The replication bubble will extend until _______

A

they meet and merge

55
Q

Step 2: Building Complementary Strands -

_________ are enzymes that add
nucleotides to build new DNA strands

A

DNA polymerases

55
Q

It takes about ______ to replicate the entire
genome

A

an hour

56
Q

DNA is replicated at a rate of ______ per
second at each fork

A

~50bp

57
Q

_______ are added to the 3’ end of the existing
“template” strand, which is read in the 3’ to 5’
direction

A

Nucleotides

57
Q

New strand: ___🡪 ___

A

5🡪3

58
Q

DNA polymerases need ____, which comes
from the hydrolysis of 2 Pi from a _________ as it is added to the strand

A

energy
nucleoside triphosphate

58
Q

strands are synthesized ___ to ____

A

5’ to 3’

59
Q

Nucleotide = ______ + _____ + ______

A

Sugar + Base + Phosphate

59
Q

DNA polymerase III can only add to the ___ end
of a strand, so ________ builds a short (10
– 60 bp) complementary RNA sequence called
an ______

A

3’
RNA primase
RNA primer

59
Q

Nucleoside = _____ + _____

A

Sugar + Base

60
Q

One strand will be able to be synthesized
continuously: ________

A

leading strand

61
Q

_______ begins adding to the
primer in the 5’ to 3’ direction

A

DNA polymerase III

62
Q

The other side must be made in smaller
fragments, using multiple RNA primers:
________

A

lagging strand

63
Q

These DNA fragments on the lagging strand
are called _______ fragments

A

Okazaki

64
Q

_______ long in eukaryotes

_______ long in prokaryotes

A

100-200 bp
1000-2000 bp

65
Q

_________ removes the RNA
nucleotides and replaces them with those of
DNA

A

DNA polymerase I

66
Q

As each fragment extends, it will run into the
_________ of the previous Okazaki fragment

A

RNA primer

67
Q

________ catalyzes the formation of a
phosphodiester bond between the nucleotides
of the two fragments

A

DNA ligase

68
Q

Step 3: Error Correction -

DNA polymerases also __________ the
newly synthesized strands

A

proofreads and corrects

69
Q

For example, if there is a base pair mismatch (e.g. A
and C), ________ can’t continue

A

DNA polymerase III

70
Q

It will back up, replace the ______, and continue

A

nucleotide

71
Q

Sometimes, errors will be missed (1 in every
million bp) which __________

A

distort the shape of DNA

72
Q

_________ has a repair mechanism that
can determine which is the original correct
template strand, and remove the incorrect bases so
they can be replaced

A

DNA polymerase II

73
Q

Eukaryotic DNA Organization:

Negatively charged DNA is wrapped around
positively charged _______ proteins

A

histone

74
Q

8 Histone proteins combine to form a
__________ which helps to wrap DNA

A

Nucleosome

75
Q

Nucleosomes are further condensed to form
__________ (6 nucleosomes)

A

solenoids

76
Q

Solenoids (also called chromatin fibres) are
further coiled and folded until they form
__________

A

chromosomes

77
Q

DNA replication results in small amounts of
_____ DNA after each replication

A

lost

77
Q

Prokaryotic DNA Organization:

Commonly only ____ chromosome that can be
circular

A

one

78
Q

nuclear membrane or not? (in Prokaryotic DNA Organization)

A

NO

78
Q

Smaller pieces of DNA float throughout the
cell and are called ______

A

Plasmids

78
Q

can Plasmids be shared between bacteria

A

YES

79
Q

a repeating sequence of DNA at the
end of a chromosome. Protects coding regions
from being lost during replication.

A

Telomere

79
Q

twisting of prokaryotic DNA to
reduce the volume

A

Supercoiling

80
Q

Telomeres help prevent the loss of ________

A

important parts of DNA

80
Q

Telomeres during Replication:

Telomeres ______ after each division

A

shorten

80
Q

The Several Functions of Telomeres:

Help to prevent chromosome ends from
______________

Prevent DNA degradation from _________

Assist ___________ in
distinguishing DNA breaks from
chromosomal ends

Determine how many times a cell can
_______

A

Help to prevent chromosome ends from
fusing to other chromosomes

Prevent DNA degradation from other
enzymes

Assist DNA repair mechanisms in
distinguishing DNA breaks from
chromosomal ends

Determine how many times a cell can
divide

81
Q

Cells can only divide so many times before
they lose their ______ and important DNA
starts to become ___

A

telomeres
lost

81
Q

Human cells can divide around ___ times before
telomeres become too short

A

50

81
Q

the total number of times a cell
can divide

A

Hayflick Limit

82
Q

______ must continue to divide and
produce more of them

A

Sex cells

83
Q

adds more DNA to the shortening telomeres of sex cells so they can continue to divide

A

Telomerase

83
Q

______ and some White Blood Cells
also use Telomerase

A

Stem Cells

83
Q

As we age more and more of our cells
reach the ________ and begin to die
off

A

Hayflick limit

83
Q

Cancer cells can continue to ________ because they produce large amounts of _______ and continue to repair their telomeres

A

divide indefinitely
Telomerase

Biology 12 (7 decks)

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