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biology 12 > Homeostasis (Unit 4) chapter 9 > Flashcards

Homeostasis (Unit 4) chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

refers to the body’s attempt to adjust to the fluctuating external environment

A

Homeostasis

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2
Q

In other words the body tries to maintain a stable ______ environment.

A

internal

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3
Q

There are many different systems all working together within the body to maintain its _______

A

internal balance

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4
Q

Refers to extracellular fluid, which
consists of interstitial fluid (between cells and tissue) and blood plasma

A

The Internal Environment

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5
Q

The volume, temperature, and chemical composition of our internal environment can change _____

A

quickly

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6
Q

Body uses ______ to regulate its internal conditions.

A

many systems

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7
Q

Organ Systems Involved in
Homeostasis

A

-nervous system
-endocrine system
-muscular system
-integumentary system
-excretory system
-reproductive system

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8
Q

how does body regulate body temp?

A

evaporation of water helps

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9
Q

hypothalamus regulates ____ and changes in ______

A

temperature and changes in osmotic pressure

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10
Q

kidneys maintain

A

water balance

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11
Q

pancreas regulates

A

blood sugar

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12
Q

Take in, process and distribute nutrients and other chemicals; also dispose of wastes

A

All organ systems

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13
Q

blood distributes _____ throughout the body

A

heat

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14
Q

skeletal muscles contract and release _____

A

heat

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15
Q

All organ systems synthesize nutrients and other molecules essential for __________

A

cellular function

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16
Q

organ systems Respond to ______ in environment

A

changes

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17
Q

Organ system Protects body from _____ and ______

A

injury
infection

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18
Q

organ systems:

A

Reproduce

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19
Q

Involve “detection” and “correction”

A

Homeostasis and Feedback
Mechanisms

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20
Q

Homeostasis and Feedback
Mechanisms: Both _____ and _____ feedback mechanisms

A

positive
negative

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21
Q

Primary mechanism of homeostasis

A

Negative Feedback

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22
Q

negative feedback stimulus triggers a response that
_______

A

compensates for the change

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23
Q

In the human body there are three main
components of homeostatic control

A
  1. Sensor (eg sensory neuron)
  2. Integrator (eg the brain)
  3. Effector (a muscle or gland)
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24
Q

Integrator activates ______

A

effector

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25
Q

_____ gathers information and sends to the _____

A

Sensor
integrator

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26
Q

The integrator compares to set points (______________________)

A

optimal functioning conditions

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27
Q

Negative Feedback Mechanisms
in Animals (Diagram explained)

A
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28
Q

Examples of + feedback include __________

A

Child Birth and Ejaculation

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29
Q

Therefore the variable is moved _______ from the steady state.

A

farther away

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30
Q

_______ is a system which reinforces changes which are occurring

A

Positive Feedback

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31
Q

_______ is the maintenance of body temperatures within a range that enables cells to function properly

A

Thermoregulation

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32
Q

Optimal Internal Temperature ______ from species
to species.

A

differs

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33
Q

Human:

A

37oC

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34
Q

Animals absorb energy if they are _____ than their external environment and
release thermal energy if they are ______ than their environment

A

cooler
warmer

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35
Q

Energy exchange can occur through:

A

conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation

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36
Q

These terms describe what happens to an organism’s internal temperature

A

Homeotherms and Poikilotherms

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37
Q

maintain a stable body
temperature regardless of the
environment

A

Homeotherms

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38
Q

body temperature varies
with the environment

A

Poikilotherms

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39
Q

maintain a constant* internal temperature by generating heat through an increase in cellular respiration

A

Endotherm

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40
Q

use external (environmental) mechanisms to control their temperature (ex. Fish, Reptiles, Insects etc.)

A

Ectotherm

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41
Q

Therefore:

Most endotherms are _______

Most ectotherms are ________

A

homeotherms
poikilotherms

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42
Q

So how do humans stay
warm/cool?

A

homeostasis diagram

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43
Q

As water freezes it forms
_______ which
rupture cell walls

A

sharp ice crystals

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44
Q

Water also expands
when frozen and when
this occurs in an
organism it can:

A

destroy many important body tissues

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45
Q

So how do wood frogs survive being frozen?

A

They produce antifreeze within cells to prevent freezing
(Glucose)

They also dehydrate cells to prevent ice from forming

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46
Q

daily/nightly periods of decreased
physiological activity resulting in lowered metabolism and temps to conserve energy

A

Torpor

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47
Q

eg. of torpor

A

Some birds, marsupials, mammals such as rodents and bats

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48
Q

torpor occurring over an extended period (weeks/months) during winter

A

Hibernation

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49
Q

torpor occurring over an extended
period during summer

A

Estivation

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50
Q

results from difference in solute concentration on two sides of membrane

A

Osmotic pressure

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51
Q

actively regulating water balance/osmotic pressure of bodily fluids and cells

A

Osmoregulation

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52
Q

Excretion: Certain _______, ______ and ______ compounds must
be eliminated

A

ions, toxins and nitrogenous

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53
Q

_____ needed for terrestrial
organisms to dissolve solutes
and then excrete

A

Water

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54
Q

What is regulted in Excretion

A

Ionic and pH balance and
osmotic concentration

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55
Q

Excretion involves what organs

A

Involves kidneys, bladder

56
Q

Deamination: Amino acids contain amino groups—with ______

A

nitrogen

57
Q

Converted into _______ which is toxic

A

ammonia

58
Q

Must be dilute-_____ is lethal

A

-0.005mgL

59
Q

Fish can:

A

remove ammonia directly into environment because of water surrounding them

60
Q

Humans and terrestrial organisms need
water to ________ for storage until _____

A

dilute ammonia
excretion

61
Q

_______ + _______ 🡪 urea

A

Bicarbonate + ammonia in liver 🡪 urea

62
Q

____ = 100 000Xs less toxic than ammonia

A

Urea

63
Q

Birds (and some other terrestrial
organisms…) create _____
instead—white part of bird poop!

A

uric acid

64
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone:

______ = coffee =
makes you urinate

A

Diuretic

65
Q

___ regulates osmotic pressure

A

ADH

66
Q

ADH is A hormone produced in
_______, released
by _______

A

hypothalamus
pituitary

67
Q

ADH Causes kidneys to
_________

A

increase water absorption

68
Q

More ADH = more
________ urine

A

concentrated

69
Q

ADH Conserves water (T/F)

A

TRUE

70
Q

_________ detect water loss

A

Osmoreceptors

71
Q

Less water intake = more ________ blood

A

concentrated

72
Q

Water ______ out of cells into blood (to dilute the blood)

A

osmoses

73
Q

Hypothalamus
_____—pituitary
releases more _____

A

shrinks
ADH

74
Q

ADH makes ____ more
permeable to water

:. body retains ____
water

A

kidney
more

75
Q

Kidneys regulate blood
pressure by

A

adjusting how much water there is
in your blood

76
Q

_______ 🡪 increases
Na+ reabsorption

A

Aldosterone

77
Q

Causes water to osmose
into the ____

A

blood

78
Q

_____ 🡪 ______ 🡪______
🡪stimulates aldosterone release

A

Renin 🡪 angiotensinogen 🡪angiotensin
🡪stimulates aldosterone release

78
Q

Decreased blood pressure is detected by ________ in kidney

A

osmoreceptors

79
Q

Aldosterone = _________ in kidney = water reabsorption

A

higher Na+

80
Q

There are two main functions of the excretory system:

A

-concentrate wastes and then excrete toxins into environment

-regulate fluids and water in the body

81
Q

Unicellular organisms can excrete toxic wastes via
_____ directly with environment

A

diffusion

82
Q

Ex. Paramecium have an internal environment that is ______ to their environment and hence use _____ ______ to pump water out actively in order to maintain _____ balance

A

hyperosmotic
contractile vacuoles
osmotic

83
Q

Invertebrate Excretory
Systems (______)

Multicellular organisms need organ systems because:

A

Earthworm

they’re too large for diffusion to be efficient

84
Q

Some invertebrates such as the earthworm have excretory
systems called _____ that expel wastes from the
body

A

metanephridia

85
Q

The earthworm diagram

A
85
Q

In each segment of the earthworm, ______ (blood and interstitial fluid) flows into the metanephridium; ions and
wastes are reabsorbed from _______ that reabsorb and
excrete wastes out of worms

A

hemolymph
nephridopores

86
Q

Insects such as the grasshopper excrete wastes using a set of
organs called:

A

Malpighian Tubules

87
Q

System of tubes that deliver wastes to intestines in insects via
reabsorption and excretion

A

Malpighian Tubules

88
Q

The closed ends of the tubules are immersed in the
_______, the open ends empty into the instestines

A

hemolymph

89
Q

Conserve water by excreting _______ wastes in the form of
an almost water-free paste of uric acid and crystals

A

nitrogenous

89
Q

Birds and some reptiles are _________ vertebrates

A

Birds and some reptiles

89
Q

The urine then travels to the _______ where cells reabsorb
most of the K+ and Na+ ions back into the hemolymph, water
also then moves by osmosis

A

intestines

89
Q

Uric acid, ___ and ____ ions are secreted into the tubules

A

K+ and Na+

90
Q

the grasshopper diagram

A
90
Q

The solid white _______ waste that is left is expelled through
the anus

A

uric acid

91
Q

The _____ play a crucial role in removing wastes, balancing blood pH and maintaining the body’s water balance

A

kidneys

91
Q

This is excreted into the _____ (end of the digestive system)

A
91
Q

Two kidneys, each with a mass of 150g; hold ____ of blood
volume

A

25%

92
Q

The white substance in bird droppings is ________, the darker
substances is _____

A

uric acid
feces

92
Q

The Human Excretory
System:

Vertebrate excretory
systems use specialized
tubules called ________

A

nephrons

92
Q

Birds and reptiles that live
near or in salty
environments take in large
quantities of salt. They
excrete salt through:

A

through glands
on nose

92
Q

know diagram and parts

A
93
Q

Kidney filters waste from the blood and “clean” blood exits
kidney through the ______

A

renal vein

93
Q

Anatomy of the Kidney

Outer layer =

A

renal cortex

94
Q

Blood is supplied to kidney through _______

A

renal artery

94
Q

Each kidney contains
millions of ______

A

nephrons

95
Q

Middle layer =

A

medulla

95
Q

Renal pelvis 🡪 ______ 🡪 ________

A

Renal pelvis 🡪 ureter 🡪 urinary bladder

95
Q

Nephron is the functional
unit of the ____

A

kidney

96
Q

Blood enters nephron through ___________ and collects in
________ (a capillary bed)

A

afferent arteriole
glomerulus

96
Q

Initial wastes (filtrate) move from the bloodstream into the hollow,
wrench shaped structure of the nephron called the ________

A

Bowman’s Capsule

96
Q

Filtrate enters the ________

A

Proximal tubule

96
Q

________ _________ surround the entire nephron to reabsorb
substances back into the blood

A

Peritubular capillaries

97
Q

____ is formed in the nephron tubes

A

Urine

98
Q

Collecting ducts drain into the _____ _______

A

renal pelvis

98
Q

________ drains the urine into collecting ducts

A

Distal tubule

98
Q

Urine leads to ureters then _______

A

bladder

98
Q

___________ where useful substances are reabsorbed into
bloodstream

A

Loop of Henle

99
Q

The process in which fluid and small molecules pass into the
Bowman’s capsule is known as ________

A

filtration

99
Q

The Formation of Urine

Three steps:

A
  1. Filtration
  2. Reabsorption
  3. Secretion
99
Q

Blood fluids move from afferent arteriole in the _________
(high pressure capillaries)

A

glomerulus

99
Q

____, _____, ______, ________, ___ diffuse from the blood
into the nephron (urine is called the filtrate)

A

H2O, NaCl, glucose, amino acids, H+

100
Q

Solutes move into Bowman’s Capsule (_____ to _____ pressure)

A

high to low

101
Q

____, ____, ______ do not leave the blood

A

proteins, RBCs, platelets

102
Q

Filtration diagram

A
102
Q

_________ is the transfer of water, ions and nutrients back
to the interstitial fluid by passive and active transport

A

Reabsorption

102
Q

Only ___ mL of urine is produce per 120mL of filtrate entering
nephron

A

1

102
Q

This transport results in:

A

hypoosmotic filtrate

103
Q

Water follows—osmoses into ____________ (aquaporins also
allow more of this)

A

interstitial fluid

104
Q

Filtrate moves into Loop of Henle

________: More water reabsorbed

_________: Na+ and Cl- reabsorbed

A

Descending
Ascending

104
Q

Distal tubule

______ + salts reabsorbed

A

Water

104
Q

Reabsorption diagram

A
104
Q

_________ is the removal of wastes from the blood and
interstitial fluid into nephron

A

Secretion

105
Q

Occurs in the _____, ________ tubules and
________ ducts

A

proximal, distal convoluted and collecting

105
Q

Nitrogen containing wastes, excess H+, detoxified poisons
(ex. _______ ________…), K+ and other mineral
concentrations are balanced via secretion

A

Alcohol, medications

105
Q

Urine Formation diagram

A

biology 12 (7 decks)

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