Steroid Hormones 1. 2. 3. 4.

1. Diffuses through the cell membrane 2. Attaches to a target receptor molecule 3. The hormone-receptor complex moves into nucleus and attaches to DNA 4. This activates a gene that sends a message to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm to create specific proteins.

Protein Hormone 1. 2. 3. 4.

1. Hormone released from cell 2. Hormone attaches to receptor site on cell (Doesn’t diffuse across the membrane) 3. Hormone-receptor turns ATP into cyclic AMP (Adenosine monophosphate) 4. Cyclic AMP acts as a messenger which activates enzymes/directs protein synthesis

Homeostasis (Unit 4) chapter 10/11 Flashcards by Diya Vyas

The ______ system is a system of small organs that involve the release of extracellular signalling molecules known as
hormones.

endocrine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_______ are chemical regulators
produced by cells in one part of the body that affect cells in another part of the body.

Hormones

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Chemicals produced in glands and secreted
directly into the bloodstream are referred
to as:

ENDOCRINE HORMONES

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hormones are classified according to their:

activation site

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_________ HORMONES – Stimulate
various parts of the body

NON-TARGET

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

______ regulates blood sugar by increasing
permeability to glucose

Insulin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_________ HORMONES – Stimulate specific
sites of the body

TARGET

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

NON-TARGET Examples:

______ Hormone stimulates the development of long bones

Growth

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

______ (A.K.A Adrenaline) is produced in times of stress

Epinephrine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

TARGET Examples

______ hormone regulates calcium levels in the body

Parathyroid

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

______ stimulates cells of the stomach to produce digestive enzymes

Gastrin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Chemical Control Systems:

The ______ system enables the body to quickly adjust to environmental changes.

nervous

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The ______ system is designed to
maintain the body over longer periods of
time.

endocrine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

T/F? all cells have the receptors for all hormones

FALSE

Not all cells have the receptors for all hormones and
some cells have more receptors than others for a
given hormone.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

For example ______ and ______ hormones regulate and sustain the body for many years.

growth hormone and various sex hormones

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Chemical Signals: _____ and _____ Hormones

Steroid and Protein Hormones

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hormones can affect cells when they combine with
__________.

cell receptors

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_______ Hormones = made from cholesterol (Lipid
compound) and includes male and female sex
hormones and cortisol (stimulates the conversion
of amino acids to glucose by the liver)

Steroid

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Steroid hormones are fat or water soluble

FAT SOLUBLE

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

______ Hormones = obviously made from
proteins (Chains of amino acids). Includes insulin
and growth hormone.

Protein

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Protein hormones are fat or water soluble

WATER SOLUBLE

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Steroid Hormones

Diffuses through the cell membrane
Attaches to a target receptor molecule
The hormone-receptor complex moves
into nucleus and attaches to DNA
This activates a gene that sends a
message to the ribosomes in the
cytoplasm to create specific proteins.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Protein Hormone

Hormone released from cell
Hormone attaches to receptor site on cell
(Doesn’t diffuse across the membrane)
Hormone-receptor turns ATP into cyclic
AMP (Adenosine monophosphate)
Cyclic AMP acts as a messenger which
activates enzymes/directs protein
synthesis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The ______ gland exercises control over other
endocrine glands and so may be considered the
KING (or queen) of the GLANDS!

pituitary

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The pituitary gland is made up of two lobes:

Posterior Lobe & Anterior Lobe

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

This lobe is responsible for:

Storing and releasing hormones produced by
the hypothalamus such as ADH and OXYTOCIN

Posterior Lobe

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The pituitary is connected to the __________.

hypothalamus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The hypothalamus sends ______ _______ to the pituitary which stores and releases hormones.

nerve signals

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

This lobe is responsible for:

Producing hormones and releasing them
when stimulated by the hypothalamus

Anterior Lobe

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The______ is a
butterfly-shaped
gland located in front
of the throat in all
vertebrates.

thyroid gland

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

________
have a wide range of
effects

Thyroid hormones

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Primary thyroid hormone is ______ (T4)

thyroxine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

T4 is a ____ soluble hormone

lipid

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

______ is necessary to produce
hormone; not enough results in overstimulated thyroid gland (goiter)

Dietary Iodine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Thyroid hormones stimulate ____, _____, ____, and _____ in all vertebrates

growth, development, maturation and metabolism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Increase sensitivity of body cells to the effects of _____ and ______

epinephrine and norepinephrine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Increased _______ increases metamorphosis of tadpoles, and seasonal moulting in some birds and mammals

thyroid hormones

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Thyroid secretes _____, which lowers the level of Ca2+ in the blood (prevents release from bones)

calcitonin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Calcitonin is secreted when blood ____ rises above
normal range

calcium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Inhibited when blood calcium falls ____ normal range

below

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hormone can also be synthesized in the _____ and _____

lungs and intestines

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Secreted when blood calcium levels fall

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

PTH Stimulates_____ to dissolve tissue, releasing calcium and phosphate levels

bone cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

______ is used in the body for enzyme activation, nerve impulses, muscle contractions, blood clotting, and other uses

Calcium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

DIAGRAM for calcium levels

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

________ are located above each
kidney

The adrenal gland

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Each gland is made up of:

two glands encased
in one shell

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Adrenal Medulla
Produces two hormones:

Epinephrine (Adrenaline)
Norepinephrine (Noradrenalin)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The inner gland, the ______ _______ is
surrounded by an outer casing called the
_______ _________

ADRENAL MEDULLA
ADRENAL CORTEX

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Accelerates heart rate and body reactions

Epinephrine (Adrenaline)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Increased heart rate and blood sugar

Norepinephrine (Noradrenalin)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Adrenal Cortex
Produces Three different types of Hormones:

GLUCOCORTICOIDS
MINERALOCORTICOIDS
SEX HORMONES

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Stimulated by ______ to secrete hormones in times of stress

NERVES

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

helps the body meet the demands
of continued stress

(Ex. CORTISOL = increases amino acids in the bloodstream
to be converted to sugar)

GLUCOCORTICOIDS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Regulates salt/water balance
(Increases blood volume/pressure)

(Ex. ALDOSTERONE = helps increase water reabsorption by
increasing Na+ retention)

MINERALOCORTICOIDS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Helps to regulate sex organs

SEX HORMONES

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

short stress response vs long diagram

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

________ (located in the brain)
regulates several biological rhythms

Pineal gland

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

pineal gland Secretes _____, which maintains biorhythms

melatonin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

More than 2000 tiny islets, each containing thousands of
cells, are scattered throughout the ______

pancreas

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The pancreas contains two types
of cells: One type produces
________ while the
other type produces
_______

digestive enzymes
HORMONES

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The islets contain ____ and ____ cells which produce
hormones which control blood glucose levels

beta and alpha

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Light inhibits melatonin secretion; ________ activates melatonin secretion

darkness

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Alpha Cells – Produce ______

GLUCAGON

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The hormone producing cells are located in structures
called the _____ of Langerhans, named after German
Scientist Paul Langerhans.

islets

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Beta Cells – Produce _______

INSULIN

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

After a meal blood sugar levels ____ and insulin is released

rise

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Insulin is released when blood sugar levels ________

INCREASE

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The insulin causes cells of the muscles, liver and other organs to become permeable to ______

glucose

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

This returns blood glucose levels to _______

NORMAL

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The cells can then absorb the glucose from the bloodstream while the liver
converts glucose to ________ (The primary storage molecule of glucose)

GLYCOGEN

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Glucagon is released when blood glucose levels ________

DECREASE

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

After fasting blood sugar levels ______ and Glucagon is released

decrease

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

homeostasis (blood glucose level diagram)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

This promotes the conversion of GLYCOGEN to _______ in the liver
which is then released into the bloodstream

GLUCOSE

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Refers to a class of lipids that includes cholesterol and its
derivatives

Steroids

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Recall that steroid hormones _______ through cell membrane and
attach to _______ molecules inside of the cell

pass
receptor

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

This receptor-hormone complex diffuses into the nucleus and binds to a _________ ________ adjacent to the gene whose
expression is controlled by the hormone

regulatory sequence

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The binding activates ________

transcription

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Natural Steroids

_______- steroid that increases muscle mass

________ – produced in the adrenal glands during times of
stress

______ – produced by adrenal gland and raises blood glucose
levels

_______ and _______ – in females – trigger female sexual
development and control reproductive cycle

Testosterone
Aldosterone
Cortisol
Estrogens and Progestins

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Chemicals that have been designed to mimic the actions of
natural hormones.

Synthetic Steroids

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Ex – _______ steroids mimic muscle building characteristics
of testosterone

anabolic

Many synthetic steroids are produced for legitimate ________
purposes

medical

Ex – of medical use of synthetic steroids

transplant patients to suppress the immune system to
reduce organ rejection; reduce inflammation in patients
afflicted with arthritis, asthma, and lupus

Medical Synthetic Steroids:

Drug: ________

Use: Lupus and organ transplantation

prednisone

Medical Synthetic Steroids:

Drug: ________

Use: asthma

beclomethasone

Medical Synthetic Steroids:

Drug: ________

Use: Rheumatoid arthritis

dexamethasone

Medical Synthetic Steroids:

Drug: ________

Use: Inflammatory skin disorders

hydrocortisone

Performance Enhancement
in Sports: ____ percentage of athletes willing to risk health to gain
competitive advantage

Small

Most common way is by using anabolic steroids to increases
__________

muscle mass

_______ is a protein hormone that can stimulate
red blood cell production (increases oxygen uptake by cells
thereby increasing endurance and energy)

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Adverse Effects of Steroids
_______ – acne, bad breath, high bp, liver disease,
and cancer

Anabolic steroids

For men additionally –

reduce size of testes, and enlarge
breasts

For women –

irregular menstrual cycles and growth of facial
hair

Some steroids alter ____,“roid rage”, anxiety, depression,
paranoia, or addiction

mood

Banned Drugs:

-Anabolic Steroids
-Peptide Hormones
-Masking Agents

The ____ are the sex glands in males
(testes) and females (ovaries)

gonads

These glands produce ______,
______ and _______

androgens, estrogens and progestins

These hormones regulate the development of male and female ______ systems, ____ characteristics, and ______ behaviour

reproductive
sex
mating

The Male Reproductive System:
Male sex hormones, ________ and _______, are produced in the interstitial cells of the testes

ANDROSTERONE
TESTOSTERONE

Testosterone Stimulates:

____________ or the development of Sperm

Spermatogenesis

Also promotes the development of secondary male sexual characteristics such as;

(Deepening Voice, Facial Hair etc.)

Negative Feedback: The ________ and ______ gland control the production of sperm and male sex hormones

hypothalamus
pituitary

At puberty the hypothalamus secretes
__________________ which activates
the pituitary gland to secrete __________ and __________

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

follicle-stimulating hormone
(FSH) and lutenizing hormone (LH).

_____ acts directly on sperm producing cells stimulating sperm production

FSH

_____ stimulates the production of TESTOSTERONE which
then increases sperm production

The Female
Reproductive System:

The female reproductive system is far more complicated than that of the male (T/F)

TRUE

While males produce sperm cells at a
relatively constant rate, females follow a
complicated sexual cycle in which one egg matures _______

every month

Eggs develop in the ovary in a collection of cells called ______

follicles

Follicles are made up of the primary ______ (the egg) and cells called ______ which nourish the developing egg

oocyte
granulosa

Approximately ____ eggs will mature in the lifetime of a female (That’s a lot of eggs!)

400

Ovulation:

The developing follicle eventually releases the egg
into the _________; this process is called ovulation

fallopian tube

The remaining follicle cells form the _____________ which begins to secrete hormones essential for pregnancy

CORPUS LUTEUM

If pregnancy does not occur the corpus luteum _______ and the cycle begins again

degenerates

Menstrual Cycle

Takes an average of __ days

_____ – Shedding of the endometrium

_______ – Follicles develop within the ovary. Estrogen is
secreted.

________ – Egg bursts from the ovary and travels into the
uterus

______ – Corpus Luteum develops. Estrogen and Progesterone
are secreted.

FLOW
FOLLICULAR
OVULATORY
LUTEAL

Menstrual cycle has Four Distinct Phases:

FLOW

FOLLICULAR

OVULATORY

LUTEAL

________ – stimulates the endometrium and prepares uterus for embryo. Also inhibits further ovulation and prevents uterine contractions.

Progesterone

______ – Stimulates the development of female secondary sex characteristics (Pubic hair, breasts) also causes thickening of the endometrium

Estrogen

The ______-______ complex regulates the
production of estrogen and progesterone
(produced in the ovary)

hypothalamus-pituitary

___ and ____ (from the pituitary) regulate the control of these hormones

FSH and LH

However all four of these hormones are involved in
a ______ feedback system

negative

If fertilization does not occur the decrease in
progesterone causes ___________
to help shed the endometrium

weak uterine contractions

GnRH is released from the _________

Hypothalamus

Follicle development initiates _____ secretion which eventually
turns off FSH secretion

Estrogen

___ promotes ovulation and the formation of the Corpus Luteum

____ stimulates follicle development in ovaries

FSH

_____ stimulates the pituitary to release LH and FSH

GnRH

After Ovulation LH turns the follicle cells into the _______
which secretes estrogen and progesterone to ready the
endometrium

Corpus Luteum

Post-Ovulation:

Estrogen and Progesterone continue to _______

increase

This inhibits LH and FSH secretion which
eventually causes the Corpus Luteum to
deteriorate and stop producing ______ and ______

Estrogen and
Progesterone

The drop in these hormones signals the beginning of _______

menstruation

If males and female both secrete the same hormones then why do we have different sexual characteristics?

The answer lies in the amount of hormone produced

Males are manly because they produce more male sex
hormones (ANDROGENS) than female sex hormones

Males also excrete (get rid of) female sex hormones faster
to ensure they don’t build up in the system (This explains why stallions may have high levels of estrogen
in their urine)

Females are feminine because they produce more female
sex hormones than male sex hormones

Your nervous system is active when?

all the time

nervous system gets information about the depth of your:

breathing, pressure on your skin, temperature,
light, odours

nervous controls _____ movements such as blinking,
scratching your nose. Memory, language are all
functions of the _____ system.

muscle
nervous

degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that often impairs the sufferer’s motor skills and speech.

Parkinson’s disease

chronic, inflammatory, demyelinating disease
that affects the central nervous system (CNS). Among the
symptoms are changes in sensation, visual impairment, muscle weakness, depression, difficulties with coordination and speech, cognitive dysfunction, problems with balance, urinary difficulties, constipation, sexual dysfunction, spasticity and pain.

Multiple sclerosis

_____ was a young girl who was locked in a small
closet-like room at the age of 18 months.

Genie

Genie was finally freed
from the closet. She was 13 years old. Although Genie is now an
adult, her language development is quite ______.

immature

The nervous system (NS) has two main divisions:

Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral
Nervous System (PNS)

The CNS consists of the ____ and _______ and acts as a coordinating centre for incoming and outgoing information.

brain and the spinal cord

The ____ consists of nerves that carry information between the organs of the body and the CNS.

PNS

PNS is further subdivided into _____ nervous system and _____ nervous system.

somatic
autonomic

Somatic ___ controls the skeletal muscle, bones and skin.

Somatic nerves can be either _____ nerves (relay info) or _____ nerves (generate response).

sensory
motor

The Autonomic NS controls the internal organs of the body. The two divisions of ANS are :

Sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight) and Parasympathetic nervous system (rest and digest)

Two different types of cells are found in the nervous system:

Glial cells and neurons.

____ cells are non conducting cells that are for structural support and metabolism of neurons.

Glial

_____ are the functional units of the nervous system.

Neurons

Parts of a Neuron

_____: projection of cytoplasm, carries impulses towards the cell
body.

Dendrite

____: extension of the cytoplasm that carries nerve impulses away
from the cell body.

Axon

_______: insulated covering over the axon.

Myelin Sheath

_______: contains synapses, specialized structures where
neurotransmitter chemicals are released in order to communicate
with target neurons.

Axon Terminal

Types of Neurons

3 groups:

______ neurons (aka afferent neurons): relay info from the environment to CNS.

Sensory

______: link neurons, located in the brain
and spinal cord usually; short length

Interneurons

_____ neurons (aka efferent neurons): relay
information to the effectors which produce
responses.

Motor

A type of glial cell (support
cell) is called the _____
cells.

Schwann

_____ cells form the
myelin sheath which wrap
around axons.

Schwann

The gaps between Schwann
cells are called ______ (electrical impulses can jump between nodes faster)

Nodes of Ranvier

Neural circuit through the _____ _____ that provides a framework for a reflex action.

spinal cord

It begins with a _____ that relays the stimuli to spinal cord.

receptor

_____ in the spinal cord receive information and relay it
to motor neurons which activate the effector organs causing a response.

Interneurons

Sequence of Events

stimulus causes action potentials
in sensory receptors
message travels along sensory
axon
message travels along the
dendrites
message reaches interneuronal
dendrites
Message goes to brain
Message traveling in the motor
neuron axon
message causes muscle to
contract

_______ are electrochemical signals created by movement of ions through the nerve cell membrane.

Nerve impulses

When nerves are ___ (in reaction to a pinprick or sight of someone’s face), a rapid
change in _______ (commonly called just potential) is detected.

excited
electrical potential difference

A _____ is a site where a neuron makes a connection with another neuron or effector

synapse

Depending on the kind of neuron
communication may occur _____ or _______

chemically or electrically

In a chemical synapse a chemical
transmitter called a _______ is released

neurotransmitter

The plasma membranes of presynaptic and postsynaptic cells are separated by a narrow gap called the ______ cleft

synaptic

The membranes of the ______ and ______ membranes are in direct contact

presynaptic and postsynaptic

______ flows in gap junctions between the cells

Current

Allow for rapid _______ transmissions

synchronous

All animal cells have a separation of positive and negative charges across the plasma membrane (______ potential)

Membrane

Membrane potential is caused by uneven distribution of ___ and ____ inside and outside the cell

Na+ and K+

Plasma membranes are selectively permeable – must travel through ____ channels

ion

A special ion channel, the Na+/K+ pump uses energy to pump 3Na+ out of the cell for every ____ K+ in, creating a net _____ extracellular environment

two
positive

Resting Potential of a neuron is – ___ mV

The concentration of _____ within the cell
results in the inside being ______ charged
and outside being _____ charged

anions
negatively
positively

When a nerve becomes excited it
conducts an ______

impulse

There is a quick temporary change in membrane potential called an _____ potential.

action

An action potential begins as a stimulus that causes positive charges from outside the neuron to flow _____

inward

Phases of Action Potential:

Phase 1 –

Incoming positive ion raise membrane potential, this is called depolarization

______ will continue when the membrane potential reaches its threshold potential, about -50 to -55mv and Na+
channels open

Depolarization

Phase 2-

Na+ channels continue to open,
sodium rushes in along concentration
gradient

Phase 3 -

Membrane becomes very
positive reaching a peak +30mV or more

Phases 4 –

Na+ channels close and K+
channels open allowing potassium to exit

Membrane potential falls again, called _______

repolarization

Phase 5-

Potassium gates close slowly,
membrane dips below resting
(hyperpolarized)

Phase 6 –

membrane re-established
resting membrane potential

Stages 4-6 are considered the _____ period, the threshold that is required to
generate another AP is much higher than
normal (allows for one way
communication)

refractory

The period of ______ must be completed and the nerve cell
must repolarize before the next AP is completed.

depolarization

This “waiting
period” is referred to as the _______ period, which lasts about 10
ms.

refractory

The wave of depolarization is followed by a wave of _______

repolarization

___ occur either maximally or they do not occur at all.

APs

The intensity of the nerve impulse and speed of transmission remain the ____.

same

Occurs in myelinated gaps called the _______

Nodes of Ranvier

Conduction is much more rapid, about _____ vs_____ in unmyelinated nerve cells

130 m/s vs 1m/s

Small spaces between neurons or neuron and effectors are known as _____.

synapses

At the end of axons, small vesicles are present that contain _______.

neurotransmitters

As impulse moves down the axon, neurotransmitters are released from ________ and diffuse along the synaptic cleft creating a depolarization of dendrites of the _________

pre synaptic neuron
post synaptic neuron.

________ is an example of a NT found in pre synaptic neurons. It acts as a excitatory NT on post synaptic neurons by opening up Na+ ion channels.

Acetylcholine

________ from the postsynaptic
membrane destroys acetylcholine so that the AP does not continue.

Cholinesterase

_____ is the effect produced by the accumulation of NTs from two or more neurons.

Summation

Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Homeostasis (Unit 4) chapter 10/11 Flashcards

Brainscape's Knowledge Genome^TM