Molecular Genetics and Early Embryonic Development- Bumann

Question 1

cells begin to form specific and specialized structures

Answer 1

differentiation

Question 2

cell divisions that form more cells with identical functions as the parent cells:

Answer 2

growth

Question 3

What are the three stages of embryonic development?

Answer 3

1. differentiation
2. growth
3. patterning

Question 4

cells produced by cleavage get organized into layers and groups of cell masses through what is known as gastrulation:

Answer 4

pattterning

Question 5

the process of patterning in which cells get organized into layers and groups of cell masses occurs through:

Answer 5

gastrulation

Question 6

Patterning needs to occur in 3 dimensions, these include:

Answer 6

1. anterior-posterior (top-bottom)
2. dorsal-ventral (left-right)
3. proximal-distal (front-back)

Question 7

Where does fit in to the continuum of patterning and embryonic development?

Answer 7

1. malocclusion syndromes
2. craniofacial malformations
3. bone mass traits
4. tooth agenesis
5. tooth movement
6. tooth development disorders

Question 8

The following conditions are all considered:

Pierre-Robin
Treater Collins
Marfan Syndrome

Answer 8

Malocclusion syndromes

Question 9

The following conditions are all considered:

• crouson
• apert
• pfierffer
• cleating syndrome (lip & palate)

Answer 9

craniofacial malformations

Question 10

The following conditions are all considered:

Sclerosterosis and van Buschem’s
High bone mass and OPPG
Paget’s syndrome

Answer 10

bone mass traits

Question 11

Tooth Agenesis can be described as:

Answer 11

missing teeth

Question 12

The following conditions are considered:

dentinogenesis imperfect
amelogenesis imperfecta

Answer 12

tooth development disorders

Question 13

Amelogenesis imperfect can be described as:

Answer 13

tooth development disorder affecting the enamel

Question 14

craniofacial anomalies account for:

Answer 14

1/3 of all congenital defects

Question 15

Describe the susceptibility to teratogenesis during 0-2 weeks

Answer 15

not sensitive; high rate of lethality may occur

Question 16

Describe the susceptibility to teratogenesis during 3-8 weeks

Answer 16

period of greatest sensitivity; each organ system also has a period of peak sensitivity

Question 17

Describe the susceptibility to teratogenesis during 9-38 weeks

Answer 17

decreasing sensitivity; period of functional maturation

Question 18

developmental time period in which the face is forming:

Answer 18

3-8 weeks

Question 19

list four important concepts of embryonic development:

Answer 19

1. universal mechanisms of animal development
2. proteins can substituted across species
3. inductive signaling
4. regional determination

Question 20

What are the five signaling pathways that species share in common?

Answer 20

• receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)
• TGF-beta superfamily
• WNT signaling
• Hedgehog signaling
• Notch signaling

Question 21

multicellular organisms are enriched in proteins mediating:

Answer 21

cell interactions and gene regulation

Question 22

Proteins can be ___ across species

Answer 22

substituted

Question 23

_____ defines the development program of an organism

Answer 23

regulatory DNA

Question 24

An important concept of embryonic development is ____vs. ___

Answer 24

asymmetric versus symmetric cell division

Question 25

gradients reflective of a balance between positive and inhibitory inductive signals; sequential inductions

Answer 25

inductive signaling and morphogens

Question 26

division in which sister cells are born different:

Answer 26

asymmetric division

Question 27

division in which sister cells become different as result of influences acting on them after their birth

Answer 27

symmetric division

Question 28

Inductive signaling is characterized by:

Answer 28

1. starting point (cell or cell cluster) 2. cell-cell signaling 3. cell signaling cascades 4. acts over great distances

Question 29

Early developmental process in which the embryo (week 3 in humans) transforms from a single cell layer (blastula) into the three primary germ layers:

Answer 29

gastrulation

Question 30

When does the process of gastrulation occur?

Answer 30

3 weeks in humans

Question 31

gastrulation transforms a single cell layer (___) into three ___.

Answer 31

blastula; three primary germ layers

Question 32

What are the three primary germ layers formed from the blastula through gastrulation?

Answer 32

- ectoderm - endoderm - mesoderm

Question 33

Forms towards the anterior following gastrulation:

Answer 33

Hensen's Node

Question 34

Forms from anterior to posterior following gastrulation:

Answer 34

primitive streak

Question 35

Following gastrulation we get ____ formation towards the anterior and ___ formation towards the posterior:

Answer 35

head; somite

Question 36

Race and ethnicity are considered ____ meaning they do not exist ___

Answer 36

social constructions; biologically

Question 37

a socially defined category, based on real or perceived biological differences between groups of people:

Answer 37

race

Question 38

a socially defined category based on common language, religion, nationality, history, or another cultural factor:

Answer 38

ethnicity

Question 39

misappropriates the authority of science and undermines it by converting it into a social weapon:

Answer 39

scientific racism

Question 40

the impact of social and environmental factors and how that manifests biologically to genetic changes in response to those stresses:

Answer 40

social epigenomics

Question 41

Around how many distinct craniofacial syndromes are there?

Answer 41

more than 700

Question 42

craniofacial syndromes are a significant cause of:

Answer 42

infant mortality

Question 43

___ % of all live birth exhibit some form of minor or major craniofacial abnormality:

Answer 43

3%

Question 44

embryonic cell population that is localized between the developing neural tube and the epidermis:

Answer 44

neural crest cells

Question 45

Neural cells are an embryonic cell population located between:

Answer 45

the developing neural tube and the epidermis

Question 46

Some neural crest cells exhibit ____ meaning that they can give rise to multiple differentiated cell types

Answer 46

"stemness"

Question 47

In the formation of craniofacial structures (and many other structures) the ____ migrate through restricted pathways to form the developing structures

Answer 47

neural crest cells

Question 48

Cell migration is a tightly regulated process and the NCCs receive cues such as ___ & ___ that restrict their movement and determine fate

Answer 48

morphogens & growth factors

Question 49

over ___ genes have been identified that have mutations associated with tooth patterning morphogenesis defects and cell differentiation defects

Answer 49

300

Question 50

As a collective group, ____ diseases are the most common

Answer 50

craniofacial genetic diseases

Question 51

List the five categories of genetic diseases of the dentition:

Answer 51

1. ectodermal dysplasias 2. tooth agenesis 3. supernumerary teeth 4. cleft lip/ palate 5. skeletal diseases and the dentition

Question 52

- greater than 100 different disorders - commonly involves one or more of teeth, nails, skin, sweat glands, and/or hair

Answer 52

ectodermal dysplasias

Question 53

List the 3 types of tooth agenesis:

Answer 53

1. hypodontia 2. oligodontia 3. anodontia

Question 54

Missing only a few teeth, common type of tooth agenesis

Answer 54

hypdontia

Question 55

missing more than 6 teeth excluding third molars, more severe form of tooth agenesis

Answer 55

oligodontia

Question 56

absence of teeth or complete lack of teeth

Answer 56

anodontia

Question 57

form of tooth agenesis in which one or more teeth appear smaller:

Answer 57

microdontia

Question 58

form tooth agenesis in which one or more teeth grow faster and exceed average size:

Answer 58

macrodontia

Question 59

code that drives tooth formation & is extremely important that is results in the correct schematic

Answer 59

homeobox code