Molecular Genetics and Early Embryonic Development- Bumann Flashcards
cells begin to form specific and specialized structures
differentiation
cell divisions that form more cells with identical functions as the parent cells:
growth
What are the three stages of embryonic development?
- differentiation
- growth
- patterning
cells produced by cleavage get organized into layers and groups of cell masses through what is known as gastrulation:
pattterning
the process of patterning in which cells get organized into layers and groups of cell masses occurs through:
gastrulation
Patterning needs to occur in 3 dimensions, these include:
- anterior-posterior (top-bottom)
- dorsal-ventral (left-right)
- proximal-distal (front-back)
Where does fit in to the continuum of patterning and embryonic development?
- malocclusion syndromes
- craniofacial malformations
- bone mass traits
- tooth agenesis
- tooth movement
- tooth development disorders
The following conditions are all considered:
Pierre-Robin
Treater Collins
Marfan Syndrome
Malocclusion syndromes
The following conditions are all considered:
- crouson
- apert
- pfierffer
- cleating syndrome (lip & palate)
craniofacial malformations
The following conditions are all considered:
Sclerosterosis and van Buschem’s
High bone mass and OPPG
Paget’s syndrome
bone mass traits
Tooth Agenesis can be described as:
missing teeth
The following conditions are considered:
dentinogenesis imperfect
amelogenesis imperfecta
tooth development disorders
Amelogenesis imperfect can be described as:
tooth development disorder affecting the enamel
craniofacial anomalies account for:
1/3 of all congenital defects
Describe the susceptibility to teratogenesis during 0-2 weeks
not sensitive; high rate of lethality may occur
Describe the susceptibility to teratogenesis during 3-8 weeks
period of greatest sensitivity; each organ system also has a period of peak sensitivity
Describe the susceptibility to teratogenesis during 9-38 weeks
decreasing sensitivity; period of functional maturation
developmental time period in which the face is forming:
3-8 weeks
list four important concepts of embryonic development:
- universal mechanisms of animal development
- proteins can substituted across species
- inductive signaling
- regional determination
What are the five signaling pathways that species share in common?
- receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)
- TGF-beta superfamily
- WNT signaling
- Hedgehog signaling
- Notch signaling
multicellular organisms are enriched in proteins mediating:
cell interactions and gene regulation
Proteins can be ___ across species
substituted
_____ defines the development program of an organism
regulatory DNA
An important concept of embryonic development is ____vs. ___
asymmetric versus symmetric cell division
gradients reflective of a balance between positive and inhibitory inductive signals; sequential inductions
inductive signaling and morphogens
division in which sister cells are born different:
asymmetric division
division in which sister cells become different as result of influences acting on them after their birth
symmetric division
Inductive signaling is characterized by:
- starting point (cell or cell cluster)
- cell-cell signaling
- cell signaling cascades
- acts over great distances
Early developmental process in which the embryo (week 3 in humans) transforms from a single cell layer (blastula) into the three primary germ layers:
gastrulation
When does the process of gastrulation occur?
3 weeks in humans
gastrulation transforms a single cell layer (___) into three ___.
blastula; three primary germ layers
What are the three primary germ layers formed from the blastula through gastrulation?
- ectoderm
- endoderm
- mesoderm
Forms towards the anterior following gastrulation:
Hensen’s Node
Forms from anterior to posterior following gastrulation:
primitive streak
Following gastrulation we get ____ formation towards the anterior and ___ formation towards the posterior:
head; somite
Race and ethnicity are considered ____ meaning they do not exist ___
social constructions; biologically
a socially defined category, based on real or perceived biological differences between groups of people:
race
a socially defined category based on common language, religion, nationality, history, or another cultural factor:
ethnicity
misappropriates the authority of science and undermines it by converting it into a social weapon:
scientific racism
the impact of social and environmental factors and how that manifests biologically to genetic changes in response to those stresses:
social epigenomics
Around how many distinct craniofacial syndromes are there?
more than 700
craniofacial syndromes are a significant cause of:
infant mortality
___ % of all live birth exhibit some form of minor or major craniofacial abnormality:
3%
embryonic cell population that is localized between the developing neural tube and the epidermis:
neural crest cells
Neural cells are an embryonic cell population located between:
the developing neural tube and the epidermis
Some neural crest cells exhibit ____ meaning that they can give rise to multiple differentiated cell types
“stemness”
In the formation of craniofacial structures (and many other structures) the ____ migrate through restricted pathways to form the developing structures
neural crest cells
Cell migration is a tightly regulated process and the NCCs receive cues such as ___ & ___ that restrict their movement and determine fate
morphogens & growth factors
over ___ genes have been identified that have mutations associated with tooth patterning morphogenesis defects and cell differentiation defects
300
As a collective group, ____ diseases are the most common
craniofacial genetic diseases
List the five categories of genetic diseases of the dentition:
- ectodermal dysplasias
- tooth agenesis
- supernumerary teeth
- cleft lip/ palate
- skeletal diseases and the dentition
- greater than 100 different disorders
- commonly involves one or more of teeth, nails, skin, sweat glands, and/or hair
ectodermal dysplasias
List the 3 types of tooth agenesis:
- hypodontia
- oligodontia
- anodontia
Missing only a few teeth, common type of tooth agenesis
hypdontia
missing more than 6 teeth excluding third molars, more severe form of tooth agenesis
oligodontia
absence of teeth or complete lack of teeth
anodontia
form of tooth agenesis in which one or more teeth appear smaller:
microdontia
form tooth agenesis in which one or more teeth grow faster and exceed average size:
macrodontia
code that drives tooth formation & is extremely important that is results in the correct schematic
homeobox code
