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Human Growth & Development > Head & Neck Development- Cox > Flashcards

Head & Neck Development- Cox Flashcards

1
Q

Morphogenesis of the head and neck is a ____ process, not a ____ process

A

generative; descriptive

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2
Q

___ encode RNA and Proteins

A

Genes (DNA)

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3
Q

The complement of RNA & Protein produced defines the ____; meaning its appearance and how it behaves

A

identity of each cell

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4
Q

provides the blueprint that ensures we have a maxilla and mandible and an integrated oronasal cavity:

A

genes (genome)

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5
Q

gene mutations and diffrences in non-genetic instructions determines everything about our:

A

phenotype

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6
Q

Cells that are tightly compact and tightly bound together, often found in sheets within the body and have a very distinct sort of shape; not very mobile

A

epithelia

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7
Q

Cells that are loosely connected, surrounded by many types of ECM so they can move around in the body because they are not attached to anything; they can receive and move towards signals

A

mesenchyme

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8
Q

Outer cell layer:

A

ectoderm

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9
Q

Middle cell layer:

A

mesoderm

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10
Q

Inner cell layer:

A

endoderm

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11
Q

The terms ecto, endo and mesoderm are related to:

A

the embryonic origin of cells

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12
Q

All aspects of the craniofacial complex are defined by axes including:

A

Left-right
Dorsal-ventral
Anterior-posterior

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13
Q

Clinical treatments always consider:

A

form & symmetry

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14
Q

Clinical treatments always consider form and symmetry because they are:

A

critical for function and esthetics

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15
Q

Tooth shape, spacing, number, and cusp pattern are all examples of:

A

form

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16
Q

Name the lineage of cells prior to implantation:

A
  1. zygote
  2. 2-cell stage
  3. 4-cell stage
  4. 8-cell stage
  5. morula
  6. blastocyst
  7. late-hatched blastocyst
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17
Q

Cells that make up the outer coating during the blastocyst stage:

A

zona pellucida

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18
Q

Where the cells within the zona pellucida undergo some sort of specialization to get the formation into an ectodermal layer

A

compaction

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19
Q

By week 3 of development (carneigie stage 7-9) the mass of cells now has:

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, & endoderm

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20
Q

The dorsal-ventral (DV) axis is apparent by the ____ stage

A

blastocyst

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21
Q

During the first 3 weeks of development, the cells in the inner cell mass give rise to the ____ itself and may be referred to as ___.

A

embryo; embryonic stem cells

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22
Q

The AP and LR axis are determined at the start of week ___, with the appearance of the ____.

A

3; primitive streak

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23
Q

By week 3 of development, the ectoderm contains the ___, while the endoderm contains the ___.

A

epiblast (forms embryo); hypoblast

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24
Q

By week 3 of development, ____ cells converge at the midline and ingress (which marks the ___ end)

A

ectodermal epiblastic cells; posterior end of embryo

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25
Q

The appearance of a primitive streak defines the ____ axis which ultimately defines the ___ axis.

A

A-P; L-R

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26
Q

The ____ is a furrow that progressively elongates along the midline:

A

primitive streak

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27
Q

The primitive streak progressively elongates along the midline through a process of:

A

convergent extension

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28
Q

Early appearance of a primitive streak starts ___ and moves ___ along the midline through convergent extension

A

posteriorly; anteriorly

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29
Q

During the formation of the 2nd and 3rd germ layer, cells of the ____ migrate through the primitive streak to form ___ & ___

A

epiblast (layer 1); mesoderm & embryonic (gut) endoderm

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30
Q

During formation of the 2nd an 3rd germ layers, cells of the epiblast (layer 1) _____ to form mesoderm & embryonic (gut) endoderm

A

migrate through primitive streak

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31
Q

Formation of 2nd and 3rd germ layers occurs through a process called:

A

gastrulation

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32
Q

Gastrulation occurs through a process of _____ to form ____.

A

epithelial to mesenchyme transformation (EMT) ; mesoderm

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33
Q

Gastrulation (formation of 2nd and 3rd germ layers) involves the movement of epiblast (ectoderm) to form _____- both epthelia

A

embryonic endoderm

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34
Q

Describe the growth of the germ layers:

A

disproprortionate

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35
Q

There is greater proliferation of ____ because it also generates all ___ and ____

A

epiblast (ectoderm); mesoderm & embryonic endoderm

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36
Q

During proliferation of germ layers, the generated (proliferating) mesoderm migrates toward ___ end

A

anterior (head)

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37
Q

The key head-forming events is when ___ is being driven forward

A

mesoderm

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38
Q

An asymmetric bulge at the end of the primitive streak:

A

the node

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39
Q

Located at the anterior-most end (ventral side) of primitive streak that is unique in both appearance and function:

A

the node

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40
Q

The ___ (or organizer) is a conserved structure across all vertebrates

A

Node

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41
Q

The Node is essential for:

A
  1. patterning and induction of embryonic cells (mesoderm and embryonic endoderm)
  2. establishment of the left-right symmetry
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42
Q

Essential for patterning and induction of embryonic cells (mesoderm and embryonic endoderm) as well as the establishment of left-right symmetry and all the internal organs of the body:

A

The node

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43
Q

Factors secreted by cells of the node induce anteriorly migrating mesoderm to form:

A

the prechordal plate & then the notochord

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44
Q

Factors secreted by cells of the node induce ___ to form the prechordal plate & notochord

A

anteriorly migrating mesoderm

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45
Q
  • forms from the most anterior region of mesoderm
  • provides the signals for induction of head structures
A

prechordal plate

46
Q
  • transient epithelial-like rod structures along the midline
  • provides the signals for induction of the neural plate
A

notochord

47
Q

The prechordal plate forms from the most anterior region of ___.

A

mesoderm

48
Q

The prechordal plate provides signals for ___ of ___.

A

induction of head structures

49
Q

The notochord is a ___ epithelial-like rod structure along the midline

A

transient

50
Q

The notochord provides signals for ___ of ___ from the overlying ectoderm (ultimately giving rise to the spinal cord)

A

induction of neural plate

51
Q

The node induces the:

A

body axis

52
Q

The node induces and specifies the fate of the ___ as it is formed

A

mesoderm

53
Q

The node is responsible for creation of ____ in the ___.

A

asymmetry in the symmetrical embryo

54
Q

The node first establishes ____, and then conversion into ___.

A

molecular asymmetry; asymmetric organogenesis

55
Q

during the process of establishing molecular asymmetry, there is asymmetric expression of ____ around the node

A

morphogenic factors

56
Q

The asymmetric expression of morphogenic factors (such as SHH, BMP4 & FGF8) around the node initiates a cascade of gene expression to promote:

A

asymmetric specialization/ commitment of mesoderm

57
Q

Nodal cells each have:

A

one motile cilia

58
Q

a membrane covered extension from the cell that has a microtubule cytoskeleton core which helps define the properties of it:

A

cilium

59
Q

Cilium can be:

A

mechanosensory or rotational

60
Q

Nodal cilia have a ___ beat (for a few hours only)

A

rotational

61
Q

The nodal cilia have a rotational beat (for a few hours only) that generate a ____, resulting in asymmetric distribution of morphogens/growth factors

A

leftward flow

62
Q

Reproducible morphological & functional asymmetries in nearly all:

A

internal organs

63
Q

Organ asymmetry is an evolutionarily ____ in vertebrates

A

conserved mechanism

64
Q

In mice, ~ ____ genes affect L-R asymmetry and these genes affect the function of ___.

A

27; cilia

65
Q

Normal range of internal organs:

A

situs solitus

66
Q

Where all organs are on the complete opposite side of the body, 1-8500: 1-10k individuals experience this and results in NORMAL health

A

situs inversus

67
Q

____ can be deleterious such as ___ & ___

A

partial situs; right & left isomerism

68
Q

Neural tube formation:

A

neurulation

69
Q

The neural tube is the precursor to:

A

brain & spinal cord

70
Q

During neurulation, factors from the ___ induce the thickening of the overlying ___.

A

mesoderm; ectoderm

71
Q

During neurulation, factors from the mesoderm induce the thickening of the overlying ectoderm leading to the:

A

neural plate

72
Q

During neurulation, signals from the ___ induce a “hinge” point (floor plate) to help drive folding

A

notochord

73
Q

During neurulation, ___ patterning of ___ begins

A

D-V patterning of neurons

74
Q

The morphological difference of the anterior-most region of the neural tube reflects ___ and thus ___

A

unique underlying cellular identities; different inductive cues

75
Q

The 3 components that are really defining segments of the future brain that produce different cues (secreted factors)

A
  1. notochord
  2. pre-chordal plate
  3. anterior visceral endoderm
76
Q

____ ( transcription factor) is expressed in anterior visceral endoderm and is involved in anterior specification

A

LIM1 gene

77
Q

The advanced maturity of the anterior end of the neural tube leads to an ______ and eventually a future brain

A

expanded neural plate

78
Q

Closure of the neural tube proceeds ___ and ____ from the mid-region

A

anteriorly & posteriorly

79
Q

By the end of week 3, head and neck regions comprise:

A

nearly half of the embryo

80
Q

List the disease resulting from defects in neural tube closure towards the posterior end:

A
  1. open spina bifida
  2. closed spina bifida
81
Q

List the disease resulting from defects in neural tube closure towards the middle/ middle anterior portion:

A
  1. craniorachischisis
  2. encephalocele
82
Q

List the disease resulting from defects in neural tube closure towards the anterior end:

A
  1. anencephaly
  2. iniencephaly
83
Q

Head formation =

A

cephalization

84
Q

The ____ serves as the hinge point during cephalization

A

oropharyngeal membrane

85
Q

At the very anterior end there is a midline region where the ectoderm and endoderm contact each other directly where there is no mesoderm between:

A

oropharyngeal membrane

86
Q

folding of the hole embryo occurs while:

A

cephalization occurs

87
Q

____ is concomitant with formation of pharyngeal arches (face & neck)

A

embryonic folding

88
Q

During embryonic folding ___ & ___ specialization occurs

A

foregut & hindgut

89
Q

A unique population of (pluripotent), stem-like cells originating at the “crest” of the enclosing neural tube:

A

neural crest cells

90
Q

Where do neural crest cells originate?

A

At the “crest” of the enclosing neural tube

91
Q

Neural crest cells migrate ___ to populate the ___ side of the embryo

A

Ventro-laterally; ventral

92
Q

Neural crest cells differentiate into a:

A

wide variety of cell types/tissues

93
Q

NCC are generated by a process of ___

A

Epithelial-mesenchymal transformation

94
Q

NCC are generated by a process of EMT that is analogous to the generation of the:

A

third germ layer (mesoderm)

95
Q

Drives the outgrowth of the primitive tissue masses that will form much of the head and neck:

A

Cranial neural crest cell (CNCC) migration

96
Q

Describe the potential of cranial neural crest cells (CNCC):

A

unique in developmental potential (distinct from other neural crest cells)

97
Q

CNCC can be referred to as a “____” and is vertebrate specific

A

second wave of development

98
Q

Major contributor to craniofacial structure, and specifically to mineralized tissues of the oral region

A

CNCC

99
Q
  • sensory nervous system
  • autonomic nervous system
  • pigment cells
  • endocrine & paraendocrine cells

These are all major derivatives of:

A

neural crest

100
Q
  • mesectodermal cells
  • skeleton
  • connective tissue
  • muscle

These are all:

A

CNCC- specific tissue contributions

101
Q

CNCC fate is determined:

A

prior to departure from neural tube

102
Q

CNCC fate is determined prior to departure from the neural tube meaning they have:

A

positional identities

103
Q

There are multiple visible constrictions in the neural tube including:

A
  • rhombomeres 1-8
  • the diencephalon
  • the anterior mesencephalon
104
Q

Define distinct populations of CNCC and their route of migration into early facial tissue:

A

The multiple visible constrictions in the neural tube

105
Q

directed CNCC migration involves ___ paths of migration

A

reproducible

106
Q

The directed CNCC migration that involve reproducible paths of migration are defined by:

A

mesoderm

107
Q

Pharyngeal arches ___ are populated by NC cells from rhombomeres ___ respectively

A

1,2,3 & 2,4,6

108
Q

If r2 cells are transplanted into r4 position, migration still occurs through ___ but cells differentiate into structures characteristic of ___.

A

arch 2; arch 1

109
Q

Early molecular patterning established during ___ enables later ___.

A

gastrulation; coordinated tissue morphogenesis

110
Q

Embryogenesis is a ____ process (Not ___)

A

generative; descriptive

111
Q

____ & ____ can result from:

  • single changes in gene sequence
  • combinations of normal gene variants
  • changes in the environment to which cells respond
A

malformation & normal phenotypic variation

Human Growth & Development (11 decks)

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