Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOLOGY 1: FOUNDATION REVIEW > Molecular Genetics > Flashcards

Molecular Genetics Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

basic unit of a nucleic acid

made of sugar, nitrogenous base, and a phosphate

A

nucleotide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

nucleotide without the phosphate ground (i.e. nitrogenous base + sugar)

A

nucleoside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

sugar present in DNA

A

deoxyribose (OH removed from 2’)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

sugar present in RNA

A

ribose (OH on 2’ and 3’)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

purine bases

double-ringed

A

adenine

guanine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

pyrimidine bases

single ringed

A

thymine
cytosine
uracil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

antiparallel strands joined by base pairs (A = T) (C = G)

A

DNA double helix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

usually single-stranded

A pairs w/ U instead of T

A

RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

DNA used to form RNA in prokaryotes

process regulated by the operon

A

transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

genes that have DNA that codes for protein

regulated by operon during transcription in prokaryotes

A

structural genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

regulated by operon during transcription in prokaryotes

repressor binding site

A

operator gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

regulated by operon during transcription in prokaryotes

RNA polymerase’s 1st binding site

A

promoter gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

regulated by operon during transcription in prokaryotes

Inducible systems need an ______ for transcription to occur.

A

inducer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Repressible systems need a _________ to inhibit transcription in prokaryotes.

A

corepressor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

mutation in which one nucleotide is substituted by another

mutation is silent if the sequence doesn’t change

A

point mutation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

mutation in which insertions or deletions shift reading frame
proteins doesn’t form or is nonfunctional

A

frameshift mutation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

genetic information of the cell

A

DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

basic unit of DNA

A

nucleotide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle
semiconservative
occurs in the 5’ —> 3’ direction

A

DNA replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

enzyme that unwinds DNA double helix

forms a replication fork

A

helicase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

enzyme that synthesizes new DNA strand

A

DNA polymerase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

RNA is formed from the genetic code in DNA

occurs in the nucleus

A

transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

double stranded
carries genetic code
deoxyribose sugar
thymine pairs w/ adenine

A

DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

single stranded
ribose sugar
has uracil instead of thymine; uracil pairs w/ adenine
3 different types

A

RNA

25
Q

3 types of RNA

A

mRNA
tRNA
rRNA

26
Q

type of RNA
carries genetic code out of the nucleus and to the ribosomes where translation will take place
contains series of 3 bases called codons which code for a particular amino acid

A

mRNA (messenger RNA)

27
Q

type of RNA
brings amino acids to ribosomes
grabs amino acids and brings them to the ribosome to form proteins
each is specific for one amino acid
has two ends: one end w/ a combo of three nitrogenous bases (anticodon) which are complementary to the codon (series of 3 amino acids on the mRNA)
other end carries the amino acid that corresponds to the codon on the mRNA

A

tRNA (transfer RNA)

28
Q

combination of three nitrogenous bases that are complementary to the codon on mRNA

A

anticodon

29
Q

series of three nitrogenous bases on mRNA

corresponds to 3 nitrogenous bases at one end of the tRNA

A

codon

30
Q

type of RNA
component of ribosome
2 subunits: large and small

A

rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

31
Q

process by which RNA is formed from DNA

  1. DNA unzipped by helicase to expose nucleotides (bases)
  2. mRNA is assembled using RNA polymerase from individual ribonucleotide units that line up according to base pairing rules along the template (antisense / non-coding strand)
  3. mRNA is complementary to the DNA sense strand (non-template, coding strand)
A

transcription

32
Q

DNA strand used to form mRNA through complementary base pairing

A

DNA template strand (non-coding, antisense strand)

33
Q

mRNA is complementary to the DNA ________ strand.

A

DNA antisense strand (template, non-coding)

34
Q

mRNA is identical to the DNA _______ strand but with U instead of T

A

DNA sense strand (non-template, coding)

35
Q

part of RNA processing

intron/exon splicing and addition of cap and poly-A tail

A

post-transcriptional RNA processing

36
Q

what enzyme adds ribonucleotides to growing RNA strand?

A

RNA polymerase

37
Q

noncoding sequences of RNA

cut out of RNA during post-transcriptional RNA processing

A

introns

38
Q

coding sequences of RNA

spliced together during post-transcriptional RNA processing

A

exons

39
Q

signal sequences added to mRNA during post-transcriptional RNA processing

A

poly-A tail and 5’ cap

40
Q

protein synthesis from mRNA

takes place at the ribosome in the cytoplasm

A

translation

41
Q

3 stages of translation (protein synthesis)

A

initiation
elongation
termination

42
Q

process of translation
mRNA attaches itself to the ribosome
first codon in the mRNA is always AUG (start sequence)
tRNA brings in the first amino acid and places it in its proper place

A

initiation

43
Q

initiation codon / start sequence

codes for Methionine

A

AUG

44
Q

always the first amino acid in initiation sequence of translation
brought in by tRNA
coded for by AUG

A

methionine

45
Q

second state in translation

subsequent amino acids (after methionine) are brought to the ribosome and bonded together w/ a peptide bond

A

elongation

46
Q

final stage in translation

three stop codons tell the signal to stop protein synthesis and release the protein from the ribosome

A

termination

47
Q

three stop codons

A

UAA
UAG
UGA

48
Q

structure of a protein
unique sequence of amino acids
“beads on a string”

A

primary protein structure

49
Q

structure of a protein
alpha helix and beta-pleated sheet
twisting or folding of the polypeptide backbone
H-bonds b/w peptide bonds of the backbone stabilize this structure

A

secondary protein structure

50
Q

three types of weak bonding in protein secondary structure that hold the protein in a specific conformation

A

H-bonding
ionic bonds
hydrophobic interactions

51
Q

stronger bonds in protein secondary structure

covalent bonds b/w the side chains of cysteine pairs

A

disulfide bridges

52
Q

structure of a protein
interactions between various kinda of side chains of amino acids
H-bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrophobic interactions are weak bonds between side chains that collectively hold the protein in a specific conformation
stronger bonds are the disulfide bridges

A

protein tertiary structure

53
Q

protein structure
interaction of two or more polypeptides
Ex: collagen and hemoglobin

A

quaternary structure

54
Q

changes in DNA that can be caused by mutagens (i.e. UV light, radiation, or chemicals)
may result in the production of nonfunctional proteins or proteins that don’t work properly
some may not cause any problem

A

mutation

55
Q

mutation in which a single nucleotide base is substituted by another nucleotide base

A

point mutation

56
Q

if a point mutation occurs in a noncoding region (intron) or if the substitution is transcribed into a codon that codes for the same amino acid
no change in the amino acid sequence

A

silent mutation

57
Q

a substitution mutation that changes the amino acid

protein may or may not be functional, depending on the location of the mutation

A

missense mutation

58
Q

substitution mutation produces a premature termination codon

protein may be prematurely terminated and will be nonfunctional

A

non-sense mutation

59
Q

mutation that involved insertion or deletion of multiple nucleotides which results in a shift in the reading frame
usually have serious effects on the protein coded for, since nucleotides are read as part of triplets
addition or loss of nucleotides (except in multiples of 3) will change the reading frame of the mRNA
proteins are usually nonfunctional

A

frame shift mutation

BIOLOGY 1: FOUNDATION REVIEW (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions