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BIOLOGY 1: FOUNDATION REVIEW > Mitosis / Meiosis > Flashcards

Mitosis / Meiosis Flashcards

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1
Q

humans have a total of _____ chromosome pairs, or ______ chromosomes

A

23 pairs

46 chromosomes

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2
Q

body cells, all except for germ cells

A

somatic cells

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3
Q

how many chromosomes are in each individual’s gametes

A

23 chromosomes

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4
Q

Part of cell cycle that includes G1, S, and G2 phases

A

interphase

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5
Q

part of interphase that doubles cytoplasm and organelles

periods of cell growth

A

G1 and G2

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6
Q

part of interphase where DNA is replication / synthesized
DNA goes from single stranded to double stranded
DNA still in the form of chromatin

A

S phase

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7
Q

four stages of mitosis

A

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

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8
Q

period of cell cycle where no further division occurs

nerve and muscle cells arrested in this stage

A

G(o)

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9
Q

In the S phase, homologous paris of chromosomes join together to form ______

A

sister chromatids

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10
Q

stage of mitosis
chromatin condenses into chromosomes
spindle apparatus forms
nucleoli and nuclear membrane disappear

A

prophase

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11
Q

stage of mitosis
chromsomes line up single file on the equatorial plane and each one attaches to a separate spindle fiber by its kinetochore

A

metaphase

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12
Q

state of mitosis

sister chromatids separate and migrate to the poles

A

anaphase

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13
Q

stage of mitosis
two cells are formed
nuclear membrane is formed around both nuclei
cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm) occurs
two identical, diploid cells with single stranded chromosomes are formed

A

telophase

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14
Q

conservative cell division

occurs in all somatic cells

A

mitosis

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15
Q

stage of meiosis
same as in mitosis; start with a diploid cell
double stranded chromosomes

A

interphase I

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16
Q

stage of meiosis
chromatin condenses into chromosomes
spindle apparatus forms
nucleoli and nuclear membrane disappear
homologous chromosomes come together and overlap (synapsis)
each chromosome consists of 2 sister chromatids, this is called a TETRAD (4 chromatids)
genetic recombination/crossing over occurs between homologous chromosomes
chromosomes are joined at chiasmata
genetic recombination promotes variation–daughter cells not identical to the parent

A

prophase I

17
Q

at what stage in Meiosis does genetic recombination occur?

A

prophase I

18
Q

where are two chromosomes joined?

A

chiasmata

19
Q

what is it called when two homologous chromosomes come together and overlap?

A

tetrad (4 chromatids)

20
Q

what promotes variation among offspring in animals?

A

genetic recombination during prophase I of meiosis

21
Q

stage in meiosis
homologus pairs line up along the equatorial plate
attach to spindle fibers

A

metaphase I

22
Q

stage in meiosis

homologous chromosomes are separated and move to opposite poles (disjunction)

A

anaphase I

23
Q

if chromosome pairs fail to separate

A

nondisjunction

24
Q

gametes w/ one extra chromosome

A

trisomy

25
Q

gametes w/ one chromosome

A

monosomy

26
Q

stage in meiosis
nuclear membrane forms around each nucleus
each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids and a centromere
each cell has been reduced to the haploid condition

A

telophase I and cytokinesis

27
Q

second phase of meiosis
analogous to mitosis
produces 4 haploid cells which are different from the parent cells
contains single stranded chromosomes (germ cells)

A

meiosis II

28
Q

process in which each new helix has an intact strand from the parent helix and a newly synthesized strand

A

semiconservative (DNA replication)

29
Q

involved in eukaryotic protein synthesis

RNA polymerase synthesizes hnRNA using a DNA “antisense strand” as a template

A

transcription

30
Q

involved in eukaryotic protein synthesis
introns are cut out of hnRNA
exons are spliced to form mRNA (expressed)

A

post-transcriptional processing

31
Q

involved in eukaryotic protein synthesis
occurs on ribosomes in the cytoplasm
mRNA converted into protein

A

translation

32
Q

involved in eukaryotic protein synthesis
i.e. disulfide bonds
modifications made before the polypeptide becomes a functional protein

A

post-translational modifications

BIOLOGY 1: FOUNDATION REVIEW (10 decks)

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