molecular genetics Flashcards
relationship between DNA gene chromosome
DNA winds around proteins to form chromosomes
each chromosomes is made up of DNA and carries many genes along its length
gene is a unit of inheritanve borne on a particular gene locus. it is made up of a sequence of nucleotides that code for a polypeptide to make a protein
rule of complementary base pairing
bases from one strand bind to bases on the other strand : adenine pairs with thymine, cytosine paris with guanine vice versa
steps for production of human insulin from genetic engineering
- obtain human DNA containing insulin gene, cut the insulin gene using restriction ezyme to produce sticky ends. cut plasmid with same restriction enzyme to produce sticky ends with bases comolementary to sticky ends of human insulin gene
- mix the cut insulin gene into the cut plasmid to allow the complementary base pairing of both ends
- use DNA ligase to seal the sticky ends to form recombinant plasmid
- mix the recombinant plasmid with escherichia coli. apply heat/electric shock to allow pores in bacterial cell membrane to open and take up the recombinant plasmid
- transgenic bacteria produced starts to produce insulin
- isolate and grow bacteria in fermenters for mass production. supply with optimum growth conditions such as pH, temp, nutrients, oxygen.
- extract and purify insulin by cyrstallisation
(not a fermentation process for insulin production)
social and ethical issues of GE (9)
- objections in consuming animals genes in plants -> religion -> altering natural genetic makeup of organisms
(eth) - allergies (social - bigger salmon allergy)
- toxic or cancer causing(social)
negative impacts on health like transfer of antibiobtic resistnace - deathsof useful insects that feed on nectar of GM crops -> loss of biodiversity -> honey bees
- if prices not regulated, poorer farmers no money to beneift from technology while riched farmers benefit
- spread of antibiotic resstance genes in bacteria -> antibiotics ineffective (social)
- class distinctions take place -> only available for richer ppl to benefit from(social)
- animals used as subjects -> oncomouse -> suffering(ethical)
- chemical and biological warfare(social)
- animal stress and trauma and shorter lifespan bc negative impact on health
adv of GE
aplications and benefits
- food meet nutritional goals -> nutritional quality improved
- low cost of medicine -> insulin mass production
- production of crops that grow in extreme conditions -> can grow them even in unfavourable conditions
- pesticide resistant crops -> reduce use of costly pesticide
structure of DNA molecule
- made up of nucleotodes -> each one containing deoxyribose sugar, phpsphate group, nitrogenous base
- bases from one strang bind with bases from the other strand according to rule of complemnentary base pairing : adenine pairs woth thymine, guanine pairs with cytosine
- the sugar from one nucleotide binds to the phosphate of another nucleotide to form phosphate sugar backbone, such that nucloeotides can join tgt to form a polynhcleotide strand
- DNA olecule is made up of anti-parallel polynucleotode chains. two chains held tgt by weak hydrgen bonds
- twisted to form a double helix
structure of DNA molecule
- made up of nucleotodes -> each one containing deoxyribose sugar, phpsphate group, nitrogenous base
- bases from one strang bind with bases from the other strand according to rule of complemnentary base pairing : adenine pairs woth thymine, guanine pairs with cytosine
- DNA olecule is made up of anti-parallel polynucleotode chains. two chains held tgt by weak hydrgen bonds
- twisted to form a double helix
transgenic organism meaning
- any orgnaism requiring a foreign gene from other organsims of the same/diff species
- these genes are artificially inserted into an organsim
- human insulin egen artifcially inserted into escherichia coli to form a trnasgenic bacteria that produces insulin
what does dna do
carries the genetic code, that is used to synthesise a specific protein
how proteins are made
DNA(ATCG) -> mRNA(AUCG) -> ribosome
mRNA
has a base sequence complementary to DNA template
carries message from DNA codons out of cnucleus to cytoplasm
whta is DNA full name
deoxyribonucleic acid
what is DNA made up of
many polynucleotides
applications of GE
- gene therapy where gene from healthy person is transferred to cells of another person with defective genes
- pest resistent plabts
- herbicide resistant plants
genetic engineering vs seletive breeding
- more efiicient ////// less efficient
- reproduces rapidly ////// breeding over many generations
- same or diff species ////// same species only
- carefully selected to reduce risk of passing genetic defects to offsprings ///// defective genes trnasmitted with healthy genes to offspring
