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heart Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

RBC func and adapt

A

Function of RBC: contains haemoglobin for the transport of oxygen from lungs to all cells in body
Packs haemoglobin that binds reversibly to oxygen and allow oxygen to be transported from lungs to all parts of body
Circular, biconcave shape to increase surface area to volume ratio for faster rate of diffusion of oxygen in and out of the RBC
No nucleus so that the RBC can contain more haemoglobin so that more oxygen can be packed in RBC and more oxygen can be transported from lungs to around the body at a faster rate.

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2
Q

WBC func and types and shapes

A

Function: play a vital role in keeping the body healthy by fighting pathogens
Phagocytes: engulf, ingest and digests the bacteria ( has an lobed shape nucleus )- phagocytosis where phagocytes engulf the pathogens
Lymphocytes: produces antibodies ( has large nucleus ) - Producing antibodies
Has nucleus
Can change its shape to squeeze through walls of blood capillaries to surrounding tissues

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3
Q

platelets func and blood clottign prcoess

A

Function: blood clotting
Not a cell
Membrane bound fargemnts of cytoplasm from bone marrow cells
When cut, damaged tissues and platelets produce thrombokinase. Prothromin which is inactive is converted into thrombin that is active by thrombokinase in the presence of calcium ions. Fibrinogen is converted to insoluble fibrin threads by thrombin. The fibrin threads from a mesh that traps blood cells, hence blood clotting takes place. The blood clot prevents excessive loss of blood and entry of pathogens into blood.

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4
Q

production of antibodies

A

When pathogens enter the bloodstream, the lymphocytes are stimulated to produce antibodies. The antibodies destroy the bacteria by attaching to them and clump them together during agglutination so that the phagocytes can ingest the bacteria more easily. The antibodies neutralize the toxins produced by bacteria

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5
Q

phagocytosis

A

The phagocytes engulf, ingest and digest the bacteria
The process of engulfing, ingestong and digesting pathogens by WBC

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6
Q

blood clotting

A

by platelets
Heparin is produced by liver and is an anti-clotting substance that is neutralised by thrombokinase

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7
Q

tissue rejection

A

When transplanted organ is treated as a foreign object by recipient’s immune system
The phagocytes attack organ and lyohocytes produce antibodies
To prevent: use immunosuppressive drugs / transplant tissue frm the same person / from relatives

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8
Q

blood groups, antigen and antibody

A

Grp A - antigen A and antibody b
Grp B - antigen B and antibody a
Grp O - no antigen and antibody a + b (universal donor)
Grp AB - Antigen A + B and no antibody (universal recipient)

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9
Q

blood transfusion

A

Donor antigen + recipient antibody (cannot be same letter, if not agglutination occurs)
Donor - RBC
Recipient - plasma

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10
Q

where is antigen and antibiyd found on?

A

Antibody found on plasma
Antigen found on RBC surface

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11
Q

function of blood

A

Protects the body against pathogens
Allows blood clotting tio take place to prevent excessive loss of blood
Acts as a transport medium to allow the transport 0f subs around the body

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12
Q

blood flow

A

Venules -> vein -> heart -> artery -> arterioles -> capillaries

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13
Q

function of artery and adaptation

A

Function: transports blood away from heart
Muscular, thick wall of artery - withstand the immense pressure of blood flowing thrugh the artery
Elastic tissues in wall of artery - stretch and recoil under high pressure and exerts more pressure on the wall of artery, hence blood is pumped with higher pressure and wall pushes blood more quickly along the artery in spurts
If the wall of artery is not thick, the wall will be unable to withstand the high blood pressure and will rupture

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14
Q

vein func and adaotation

A

Function: transports blood towards heart
Semi-lunar valves - to prevent backflow of blood, ensuring that blood only flows in one correct direction
Contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscles - generate more pressure so that blood flows at greater pressure
Large lumen - low resistance to blood flow so that there is a smooth blood flow

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15
Q

capillary func and adaptation

A

Function: allows for exchange of substances between body cells and blood + transports blood from arterioles to venules
One cell thick partially permeable wall which is made up of a single layer of endothelial cells which reduces the diffusion distance so that substances can diffuse in and out of capillary faster
Numerous branching of capillaries so that there is higher cross sectional area such that there is lower blood pressure and the blood flow is slower and there is more time for substances to diffuse in and out of capillary, hence more time for exchange of substances between blood and body cells
If the capillary wall is not thin, diffusion of substances across the capillary wall between tissue cells and blood will not pccur

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16
Q

Speed of blood flow: fastest to slowest

A

Speed of blood flow: fastest to slowest
Artery -> veins -> capillary

17
Q

blod pressure highest to lowest

A

Blood pressure: highest to lowest
Artery -> capillary -> veins

18
Q

blood pressure in artery justifictaion

A

Blood pressure in artery is highest as heart forced blood out into the arterioles, generating high pressure which is exerted onto walls of artery + the further the distance of blood vessels from heart, the lower the blood pressure

19
Q

tissue fluid func and desc

A

Carries substances in solution between capillaries to tissue cells
Metabolic waste products diffuse from cells to tissue fluid across the cell membrane. Then diffuse from tissue fluid into the capillary through the wall of capillary
Dissolved food substances diffuse from capillary to the tissue fluid across the capillary wall. Then diffuse from the tissue fluid to cell through cell membrane

20
Q

atherosclerosis

A

Fatty deposits onto the the inner surface of coronary arteries
Narrows the lumen of coronary artery
Increases blood pressure
leads to heartattack

21
Q

thrombosis

A

Thrombosis
Rough inner lining of coronary artery
Blood clots form
leads to heart attack

22
Q

blood clotting bc of thrombosis

A

Blood clot
The blood clots formed completely block the lumen
Blood supply is cut off competely
No oxygen molecules and dissolved food substances can be transported to the heart muscles through the coronary artery
No energy is released for activities in cardiac muscles to occur
Cells are damaged
Extensive damage to heart causes it to stop pumping
Heart attack

23
Q

causes for heart attack

A

Alot of stress
Diet high in saturated animal fat
Smoking
Lack of regular exercise
High blood pressure

24
Q

how to prevent heart attack

A

Regular exercise - pumps blood more efficiently
Replace saturated animal fats with polyunsaturated plant fats
Stop smoking
Proper stress management

25
Q

advantages of doule blood circulation (blood flows trhgough heart two times

A

The heart pumps oxygenated blood at high pressure so that oxygen can be distributed to body tissues more quickly so that there will be a higher metabolic rate in mammals.
- Systemic circulation (heart to body)
The blood entering the lungs is at a lower pressure so that blood flows through more slowly and there is more time for exchange of substances between blood and lungs, allowing for sufficient time for blood to become oxygenated before returning to heart
- Pulmonary circulation (heart to lungs)
- pulmonary circulation: heart -> pulmonary artery -> lungs -> pulmonary vein -> heart
- systemic circulation: heart -> aorta -> body -> vena cava -> heart

26
Q

diff in thickness of walls of chambers

A

Walls of the right ventricle is thinner than the walls of left ventricle. The walls of right ventricle only need to generate enough pressure to pump blood from heart to the lungs. However the left ventricle needs to generate more pressure to pump the blood from heart to rest of body which is a further distance.
Walls of the atrium are thinner than the walls of the ventricle. The walls of the atrium only need to generate enough pressure to force blood into the ventricle. However the walls of the ventricle need to generate more pressure to pump blood from the ventricles to the rest of the body for the left ventricle and to lungs for the right ventricle which is a further distance.

27
Q

imprtance of median septum

A

Separate oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood
Blood reaching the lungs will be deoxygenated and blood reaching the tissues will be oxygenated
There will be a steep concentration gradient that can be maintained during exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between body cells and blood
Mixing of deoxygenated blood and oxygenated blood will reduce the amount of oxygenated blood reaching the tissue cells

28
Q

what happens when there i sa hole in heart

A

Deoxygenated blood and oxygenated blood will mix
Lower concentration of oxygen in blood pumped to body cells
Less steep concentration gradient of oxygen molecules between blood and body cells
Slower rate of diffusion of oxygen from the blood to cells
Less oxygen transported to body cells
Lower rate of respiration
Lesser energy released during respiration
Person cannot do vigorous exercise

29
Q

valves (prevnt backflow of blood)

A

Atrio-ventricular valves - tricuspid (right) and bicuspid valve (left)
Semi-lunar valves - pulmonary valve (right) and aortic valve (left)
Chordae tendineae - attached between the two valves and the muscular walls of the ventricles - function: to ensure that the atrio-ventricular valves do not get turned inside out
Closing valves make sounds (AV close - lub / SL close - dub)
Relate to which chamber pressure is greater

30
Q

blood flow in chambers

A

Deoxygenated blood from body enters the right atrium through the vena cava. The muscular wall of right atrium contracts, forcing the blood out into the right ventricle as the tricuspid valve opens.
The walls of atrium relax
The rise in pressure closes the tricuspid valve to prevent backflow of blood from the ventricle into the atrium
The walls of right ventricle contracts, forcing blood into the pulmonary arch as the pulmonary valve opens.
As the right ventricle contract, the right atrium relaxes.
The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from body that enters the right atrium through the vena cava
The walls of ventricles then relax. The fall in pressure causes the pulmonary valve to close to prevent backflow of blood from the pulmonary arch into the right ventricle
The tricuspid valves opens to allow blood to enter the right ventricle
The walls of atrium contract to force lood fromt he right atrium into the right ventricle
The cycle repeats

31
Q

cardiac cycle

A

Sequence of events that takes place in a heartbeat
Ventricular systole + ventricular diastole -> one heartbeat
Ventricular systole - contraction - rise in pressure - blood forced out
Ventricular disastole - relaxation - fall in pressure - blood enters
DRSC
Blood always flows from chamber of higher pressure to chamber of lower pressure

32
Q

diff in pressure

A

Atrial systole - the walls of atrium contract. The pressure in chamber is high and blood is forced out of atrium into ventricles through the atrio-ventricular valves
Ventricular diastole - the walls of ventricles relax and pressure in chamber is low and blood enters the ventricles
Atrial diastole - the walls of atrium relax. The pressure in chamber is low and blood enters the atrium through the vena cava
Ventricular systole - the walls of ventricles contract and pressure in chamber is high as the blood is forced out of the ventricles into the arch

33
Q

main arteries in body

A

1.Aorta branches into:
-Arteries to upper body
-Dorsal aorta to lower body
+Hepatic artery in liver
+Renal arteries to kidney
+Artery to gut to stomach and intestines
2.pulmonary arteries to lungs

34
Q

main veins in body

A

1.Pulmonary vein from lung to heart
2.Superior vena cava from upper body to heart
3.Inferior vena cava from lower body to heart
-Hepatic vein from liver
-Renal vein from kidney
-Veins from stomach and intestines -> blood capillaries -> hepatic portal vein -> blood cap -> liver -> hepatic vein -> inferior vena cava

35
Q

how does exercise help heart

A

strengthens heart and maintians elasticity of arterial walls -> mainatjn ability to pump blood

biology (17 decks)

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