Molecular Diagnosis Flashcards

1
Q

True or False,

Not all genetic variations are tied to phenotypes

A

TRUE
La plupart de ces variations n’ont pas d’impact phénotypique:
* Elles surviennent dans des régions non-codantes (régions intergéniques, introns) sans affecter
l’expression du gène
* Elles sont des polymorphismes fréquents
* Elles touchent un gène s’exprimant à l’état récessif, sans qu’il n’y ait une seconde variation dans le
gène

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2
Q

Ilot CpG?

A

Les dinucléotides CG sont des endroits de prédilection pour les mutations
1. C →methyl-C
2. Methyl-C →U
3. U→T
⦁CG → TG 20X plus fréquent que les autres mutation

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3
Q

What are Microsatellite mutations?

A

répétition mutations
Example:
CA repetition that are very variable between individuals

Can be used to compare cell identity between 2 people (example embryo and mother etc)

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4
Q

What is an SNP?

A

single nucleotide polymorphism

Change in 1 nucleotide

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5
Q

What are the majority of mutations?

A

Substitutions mutations which is a small rearrangement type mutatuin (p20)

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6
Q

What is 2. Faux-sens (missense) mutation?

A

change le codon pour celui codant pour un autre acide amine

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7
Q

What is Non-sens (nonsense) mutation?

A

change le codon pour un codon stop

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8
Q

Why can a homonyme mutation cause an issue?

A

Homologue (silencieux): change un codon pour un autre codant pour le même acide aminé

Although the protein produced is exactly the same, some phenotypes are explained due to DNA splicing (but very rare)
Related to DNA épissage

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9
Q

Sels chaotropiques

A

Methode Isolation de l’ADN

Due to DNA electronegativity ADN: adsorbe sur colonne de
verre/membrane

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10
Q

Hybridation method

A

On construit une séquence de nucléotides complémentaire à une portion de l’ADN du patient (sonde)
Elle est marquée (fluorescence, radioactivité);
La détection du signal indique la présence de la séquence complémentaire

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11
Q

What can Buvardage Southern used for today?

A

combine électrophorèse sur gel de l’ADN génomique fragmenté à l’hybridation
Permet de quantifier les grandes expansions (mutations dynamiques)

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12
Q

Différentes ADN polymérases and clinical relevance

A

All polymerases have a rate of error

Based on the type of analysis and specificity we might choose a Polymerase with a lower error rate

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13
Q

PCR-migration: Applications

A

Insertions et délétions

microsatellites
Example:
Contamination foeto-maternelle

(see page 49, 50 for example)

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14
Q

PCR-digestion: Applications

A

Works by using an enzyme de restriction qui reconnaît une séquence spécifique

Can detect:
Mutations ponctuelles récurrentes
(single nucleotide change)

Possible de trouver un site de restriction créé ou aboli par la mutation que l’on recherche

Based on the lengths of the bands we can see if normal or not (see page 53)

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15
Q

Séquençage Sanger

What is the issue with it?

A

PCR amplification combined with the use of ddNTPs which do not have an -OH at ribose and are flurescent marked
This leads to chain termination at the given spot at random fragments.
Can detect changes anywhere in the gene, no need to know what we are looking for unlike PCR-digestion.

The machine can read the different lengths and fluorescence and write out the DNA sequence (page 59)

issue:
Ne détecte pas les grandes anomalies grandes deletions

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16
Q

PCR temps réel: essai TaqMan

A

sonde TaqMan est composée
d’un rapporteur et d’un «quencher»

The repporter is fluerescent, the quencher keeps the reporter from flurescing in solution

When the probe is bound to the DNA, the fluerescence begins

The utility is that we can follow in real time how our PCR reaction is happening

17
Q

PCR temps réel quantitative

A

Comme dans la PCR la quantité d’ADN double à chaque cycle

Échantillon 1, seuil atteint après 24 cycles (n)
Échantillon 2, seuil atteint après 25 cycles (n+1)

Puisque le nombre de molécules d’ADN double à chaque cycle, et que le seuil est le
même pour les deux échantillons, il y avait 2X moins d’ADN dans l’échantillon 2

This way we can detect the number of copies for a specific gene

18
Q

MLPA: Multiplex Ligation Probe Amplification

A

Sonde en** deux sous-unités** (2 oligonucléotides) qui doivent s’hybrider
côte-à-côte sur l’ADN du patient

Ligation des deux portions de la sonde

Amplification PCR de la sonde fusionnée

Électrophorèse capillaire -> check for number of gene copies

Key thing:
Allows us to check for deletions of copies of exons

19
Q

ADN foetal circulant

A

Plasma of the blood can contain DNA from the fetus

In some scenarious we can see Y chromosome in women with a boy

As such, this can help us find if the woman is pregnant with a guy or girl
This becomes important in families pregnant with a boy that have a history of an X recessive issue.

The test can allow us to know if a boy is at risk

20
Q

le séquençage de nouvelle généraiton (SNG) key points

A

Possible d’analyser plusieurs gènes, voire plusieurs patients en même temps

Each patient has a molecular code-barre tag

Parallel pmplification of DNA in compartments

21
Q

What is Exome sequencing?

A

It is the specific sequencing of ONLY EXONS without introns etc

This uses the séquençage de nouvelle généraiton (SNG)