Molecular building blocks Flashcards
What are basic building blocks atoms?
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Sulphur
Phosphate
What are macromolecules? E.g.
Simple molecules (sugars, lipids, aa)
Form larger
Osmotic, structural, optical, enzymatic
E.g. Hb, DNA, glycogen, collagen
What is a monosaccharide?
One hydroxyl
Aldose- aldehyde
Ketose- ketone
Ring structure
What bond is present in carbohydrates?
Glycosidic bond
Hydroxyl react with OH/NH
What bond is present in nucleotide DNA?
N-Glycosidic
Define disaccharide?
Two monosaccharides joined by o-glycosidic bond
Define oligosaccharide?
3-12 monosaccharides
Define polysaccharide?
1000’s MS joined by glycosidic bond
e.g. glycogen
What are building blocks of DNA? Made?
Nucleotides
Nitrogenous base, sugar, phosphate
What are bonds involved in nucleotides?
Bases- Hydrogen bonds
Phosphate and sugar- Phosphodiester
- source energy
Structure of triglyceride?
3 FA bound to glycerol
What makes up lipid?
Straight carbon chain with methyl and carboxyl group
Lipids hydrophilic/phobic?
Hydrophobic
What is it called when double bond present?
Unsaturated
Cis- spaced 3C
What bonds in protein?
Aa- linked by peptide bonds
Protein- large polypeptide 10-1000’s aa
Peptide- bit broken off
What decides function of protein?
Structure
What determines folding of proteins?
Charged interactions, flexibility, aa seq, physical dimensions
What are the different structures of protein?
Primary- linear sequence of amino acids
Secondary- alpha helix or beta pleated
sheets
- formed due H+ bonds between
aa
Tertiary- overall 3D conformation
- change with temp/pH
Quaternary- 3D structure of protein-
multiple subunits
- association subunits
What forces are involved in proteins?
VdW’s- weak attractive/repulsive force
- fluctuating electrical charge
Hydrogen bonds- interaction polar groups
Hydrophobic- uncharged, nonpolar repelled
Ionic- fully/partially charged groups
Disulphide- strong covalent between sulfur
How many amino acids are there?
20
What forms amino acid?
Amino, carboxyl group
Specific side chain
What form are natural amino acids in?
L
What form are sugars in?
D
What determines the charge on aa?
pH
Carboxyl- negative
Amino- positive
What bond forms between amino acids?
Peptide
Condensation reaction- release water
Properties amino acids?
Stable
Cleaved protease/peptidase
Partial double bonds
Flexibility around C
Properties amino acids?
Stable
Cleaved protease/peptidase
Partial double bonds
Flexibility around C
Definition of catalyst?
Provide alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy
Bind to reactants- convert to products
Define phosphorylation?
Turn enzyme on
Define isoenzyme and coenzyme?
Isoenzyme- different structure and seq but
catalyse same reaction
Coenzyme- help enzymes cant catalyse alone
- bind with enzyme protein form
active enzymes
