Molecular building blocks

Question 1

What are basic building blocks atoms?

Answer 1

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Sulphur
Phosphate

Question 2

What are macromolecules? E.g.

Answer 2

Simple molecules (sugars, lipids, aa)
Form larger
Osmotic, structural, optical, enzymatic
E.g. Hb, DNA, glycogen, collagen

Question 3

What is a monosaccharide?

Answer 3

One hydroxyl
Aldose- aldehyde
Ketose- ketone
Ring structure

Question 4

What bond is present in carbohydrates?

Answer 4

Glycosidic bond
Hydroxyl react with OH/NH

Question 5

What bond is present in nucleotide DNA?

Answer 5

N-Glycosidic

Question 6

Define disaccharide?

Answer 6

Two monosaccharides joined by o-glycosidic bond

Question 7

Define oligosaccharide?

Answer 7

3-12 monosaccharides

Question 8

Define polysaccharide?

Answer 8

1000’s MS joined by glycosidic bond
e.g. glycogen

Question 9

What are building blocks of DNA? Made?

Answer 9

Nucleotides
Nitrogenous base, sugar, phosphate

Question 10

What are bonds involved in nucleotides?

Answer 10

Bases- Hydrogen bonds
Phosphate and sugar- Phosphodiester
- source energy

Question 11

Structure of triglyceride?

Answer 11

3 FA bound to glycerol

Question 12

What makes up lipid?

Answer 12

Straight carbon chain with methyl and carboxyl group

Question 13

Lipids hydrophilic/phobic?

Answer 13

Hydrophobic

Question 14

What is it called when double bond present?

Answer 14

Unsaturated
Cis- spaced 3C

Question 15

What bonds in protein?

Answer 15

Aa- linked by peptide bonds
Protein- large polypeptide 10-1000’s aa
Peptide- bit broken off

Question 16

What decides function of protein?

Answer 16

Structure

Question 17

What determines folding of proteins?

Answer 17

Charged interactions, flexibility, aa seq, physical dimensions

Question 18

What are the different structures of protein?

Answer 18

Primary- linear sequence of amino acids
Secondary- alpha helix or beta pleated
sheets
- formed due H+ bonds between
aa
Tertiary- overall 3D conformation
- change with temp/pH
Quaternary- 3D structure of protein-
multiple subunits
- association subunits

Question 19

What forces are involved in proteins?

Answer 19

VdW’s- weak attractive/repulsive force
- fluctuating electrical charge
Hydrogen bonds- interaction polar groups
Hydrophobic- uncharged, nonpolar repelled
Ionic- fully/partially charged groups
Disulphide- strong covalent between sulfur

Question 20

How many amino acids are there?

Answer 20

20

Question 21

What forms amino acid?

Answer 21

Amino, carboxyl group
Specific side chain

Question 22

What form are natural amino acids in?

Answer 22

L

Question 23

What form are sugars in?

Answer 23

D

Question 24

What determines the charge on aa?

Answer 24

pH
Carboxyl- negative
Amino- positive

Question 25

What bond forms between amino acids?

Answer 25

Peptide Condensation reaction- release water

Question 26

Properties amino acids?

Answer 26

Stable Cleaved protease/peptidase Partial double bonds Flexibility around C

Question 26

Properties amino acids?

Answer 26

Stable Cleaved protease/peptidase Partial double bonds Flexibility around C

Question 27

Definition of catalyst?

Answer 27

Provide alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy Bind to reactants- convert to products

Question 28

Define phosphorylation?

Answer 28

Turn enzyme on

Question 29

Define isoenzyme and coenzyme?

Answer 29

Isoenzyme- different structure and seq but catalyse same reaction Coenzyme- help enzymes cant catalyse alone - bind with enzyme protein form active enzymes