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Psych 10 > Modules 48-9 > Flashcards

Modules 48-9 Flashcards

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1
Q

stigmas and stereotypes (depression/mental illness)

A
  • these views only come from pop culture views of mental illness, not the DSm
  • DSM may contain info to correct inaccurate perceptions of mental illness
  • could prevent people from seeking help, don’t want to be labeled
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2
Q

Jared Lee Loughner case (insanity vs responsibility)

A
  • shot many people, including US Representative in 2011
  • suffered from schizophrenia and substance abuse problems, combo associated with increased violence
  • what is the appropriate consequence, should he be held responsible for his actions?
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3
Q

problems dealt with in the field of psychological disorders

A
  • how do we decide when a set of symptoms are severe enough to be called a disorder that needs treatment?
  • can we define specific disorders clearly enough so that we can know that we’re all referring to the same behavior/mental state?
  • can we use our diagnostic labels to guide treatment rather than to stigmatize people?
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4
Q

Anxiety Disorders (categories)

A
  • GAD: generalized anxiety disorder
  • panic disorder
  • phobias
  • OCD: obsessive-compulsive disorder
  • PTSD: post-traumatic stress disorder
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5
Q

GAD: Generalized Anxiety Disorder - physical symptoms

A

autonomic arousal: trembling, sweating, fidgeting, agitation, sleep disruption (must last for at least 6 mos.)

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6
Q

GAD: Generalized Anxiety Disorder - emotional-cognitive symptoms

A

worrying, having anxious feelings and thoughts about many subjects, and sometimes “free-floating” anxiety with no attachment to any subject. Anxious anticipation interferes with concentration (must last for at least 6 mos. w/ physical symptoms)

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7
Q

psychological disorders

A

patterns of thoughts, feelings, or actions that are deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional

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8
Q

diagnosing GAD

A
  • commonly occurs with depression
  • symptoms must last for 6+mos.
  • decreases with age
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9
Q

disorder

A

refers to a state of mental/behavioral ill health

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10
Q

patterns

A

refers to finding a collection of symptoms that tend to got together, and not just seeing a single symptom

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11
Q

Panic Disorder - panic attack symptoms

A
  • not just an anxiety attack
  • many mins. of intense dread or terror
  • chest pains, choking, numbness, other frightening physical sensations
  • patients may feel certain that it’s a heart attack
  • feeling of a need to escape
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12
Q

Panic disorder

A

refers to a repeated and unexpected panic attacks, as well as a fear of the next attack, and a change in behavior to avoid panic attacks

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13
Q

3 D’s for diagnosis

A

deviant
distressful
dysfunctional

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14
Q

specific phobia

A

more than just a strong fear or dislike

uncontrollable, irrational, intense desire to avoid some object or situation

  • cannot even do pictures, will avoid a book if there are pictures of spiders – not a choice to avoid the book
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15
Q

more common fears and phobias

A

animals, heights, blood, flying, close spaces, water, storms, being alone

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16
Q

agoraphobia

A

the avoidance of situations in which one will fear having a panic attack, especially a situation in which it is difficult to get help, and from which it is difficult to escape

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17
Q

social phobial

A

refers to an intense fear of being watched and judged by others. visible as a fear of public appearances in which embarrassment or humiliation is possible, such as public speaking, eating or performing

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18
Q

Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) – obsessions

A

obsessions are intense, unwanted worries, ideas, and images that repeatedly pop up in the mind

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19
Q

Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) – compulsion

A

compulsion: repeatedly strong feeling of “needing” to carry out an action, even though it doesn’t feel like it makes sense

  • compulsions ease obsessions
    negative reinforcement
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20
Q

Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) - diagnosis

A

categorized as disorder when:

  • distress from deep frustration when unable to control the behaviors
  • dysfunction when time spent on these thoughts and behaviors interfere with everyday life
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21
Q

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) : symptoms

A

10-35% who experience trauma not only have burned-in memories, but 4 wks to a LIFETIME of:

  • repeated intrusive recall of those memories
  • nightmares and other re-experiencing
  • social withdrawal or phobic avoidance
  • jumpy anxiety or hypervigilance
  • insomnia or sleep problems
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22
Q

PTSD - conditions that make you more prone

A
  • less control
  • more frequently traumatized
  • brain difference
  • less resiliency
  • re-traumatization
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23
Q

Resilience and Post-Traumatic Growth

A
  • some lingering, but not overwhelming stress
  • finding strengths in yourself
  • finding connection with others
  • finding hope
  • seeing the trauma as a challenge that can be overcome
  • seeing yourself as a survivor
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24
Q

common OCD obsessions

A
  • concern with dirt, germs, toxins
  • something terrible happening (fire, death, illness)
  • symmetry, order, or exactness
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25
Q

common OCD compulsions

A
  • excessive hand washing, bathing, toothbrushing, or grooming
  • repeating rituals (in/out of a door, up/down from a chair)
  • re-checking doors, locks, appliances, car brakes, homework
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26
Q

explanations from different perspectives on disorder development

A

classical conditioning: overgeneralizing a conditioned response

operant conditioning: rewarding avoidance

observational learning: worrying like mom

cognitive appraisals: uncertainty is danger

evolutionary: surviving by avoiding danger

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27
Q

classical conditioning and anxiety (Little Albert and the rabbit)

A

Watson and Rayner trained Little Albert to feel fear around a rabbit – associated buny with loud scary sound

– conditioned response can become overgeneralized: fear all animals, everything fluffy, any location similar to original, fear that those items could appear soon with the noise

  • results in phobia or generalized anxiety
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28
Q

operant conditioning and anxiety

A
  • lifted feelings from leaving an uncomfortable/anxious situation reinforces our decision to leave/avoid
  • re-checking gives relief of locked door

– reuslt is an increase in anxious thoughts and behaviors

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29
Q

observational learning and anxiety

A
  • anxiety can be acquired through observational learning (humans and monkeys)
  • pick up someone else’s avoidance/fear and adopt it even after the original scared person is not around
  • fears can get passed down in families this way
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30
Q

cognition

A

includes worried thoughts, as well as interpretations, appraisals, beliefs, predictions, and ruminations

  • includes mental habits such as hypervigilance (persistently watching out for danger) – accompanies anxiety in PTSD
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31
Q

cognitions in anxiety disorders

A
  • cognitions appear repeatedly and make anxiety worse
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32
Q

hypervigilance: cognitive error

A

ex: believing that we can predict that bad events will happen

33
Q

hypervigilance: irrational beliefs

A

bad things don’t happen to good people, I must be a bad person – commonly relates delusions about self

34
Q

hypervigilance: mistaken appraisals

A

thinking that something is worse/more dire than it is

35
Q

hypervigilance: social misinterpretations

A

misinterpretations of facial expressions and actions of others

36
Q

evolutionary human phobias

A

snakes, heights, closed spaces, darkness

37
Q

evolutionary human non-phobic objects

A

fish, low places, open spaces, bright light

  • evol. psychologists believe that ancestors prone to fear these were less likely to die before reproducing
38
Q

evolutionary dangerous, non-phobic subjects

A

guns, electric wiring, cars

  • evol. psychologists believe that not enough time has passed for innate fear to spread in population
39
Q

twin studies : phobias

A

same genetics, even raised separately, develop similar phobias (more similar than two unrelated people)

40
Q

anxiety genes and neurotransmitters

A

anxiety: problems with gene associated with serotonin levels (NT involved in regulating sleep and mood) – too high
anxiety: have gene that triggers high levels of glutamate, excitatory neurotransmitter involved in the brain’s alarm centers

41
Q

distress and dysfunction

A

symptoms must be sufficiently severe to interfere with one’s daily life and well being

42
Q

deviant/deviate

A

differing from the norm
for culture – different from what would be expected in that culture

could also be deviation from a typical developmental pathway

43
Q

treating disorder: requirements

A
  • helps to understand the nature/cause of the psychological symptoms
  • diagnosing a disorder is one step of treatment
  • based on older understandings, treatments included: exorcising evil spirits, beatings, caging/restraint, drilling holes in the skull
44
Q

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)

A

provides the clear definition of a disorder for diagnosis, consistent with diagnoses used by medical doctors worldwide

45
Q

benefits of diagnoses

A
  • create a verbal shorthand for referring to a list of associated symptoms
  • allow us to statistically study many similar cases, learning to predict outcomes
  • can guide treatment choices
46
Q

DSM: axis I

A

is a clinical syndrome present?

using specifically defined criteria, clinicians may select none, one, or more syndromes

47
Q

DSM: axis II

A

is a personality disorder or mental retardation (intellectual developmental disorder) present?

clinicians may or may not also select one of these two conditions

48
Q

DSM: axis III

A

is a general medical condition, such as diabetes, arthritis, or hypertension also present?

49
Q

DSM: axis IV

A

are psychosocial or environmental problems, such as school or housing issues, also present?

50
Q

DSM: axis V

A

what is the global assessment of this person’s functioning?

clinicians assign a code from 0-100

51
Q

brain areas and anxiety disorders

A

overarousal of brain areas involved in impulse control and habitual behaviors

52
Q

amygdala - fear circuits

A

traumatic experiences can burn fear circuits into the amygdala; these circuits are later triggered and activated

53
Q

criteria of major depressive disorders

A

must be depressed most of the day, markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities and 3+ other symptoms, lasting more than 2 wks

54
Q

major depressive disorder symptoms

A

1) depressed mood most of the day, and/or markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities

& 3+ of:

  • significant increase or decrease in appetite or weight
  • insomnia, sleeping too much, or disrupted sleep
  • lethargy, or physical agitation
  • fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day
  • worthlessness, or excessive/inappropriate guilt
  • daily problems in thinking, concentrating, and/or making decisions
  • recurring thoughts of death and suicide
55
Q

depression stats worldwide

A

1 reason people seek mental health services

  • 6% men, 9% women /yr
  • in a lifetime, 12% Canadians, 17% Americans experience depression
56
Q

Depression vs Common Cold – why we can’t compare them

A

depression:

  • is more dangerous because of suicide risk
  • has fewer observable symptoms
  • is more lasting than a cold, and is less likely to go away just with time
  • is much less contagious
  • depressive pain much greater
57
Q

Seasonal affective disorder

A

more than simply disliking winter
- involves recurring seasonal pattern of depression, usually during winter’s short, dark, cold days

survey: “have you cried today?” result: more people answer “yes” in winter (4x vs 8x men; 7x vs 21x women)

DSM-V: no longer a unique mood disorder; seasonal qualifier

58
Q

bipolar disorder: mania

A

refers to a period of hyper-elevated mood that is euphoric, giddy, easily irritated, hyperactive, impulsive, overly optimistic, and even grandiose

  • mind racing
  • little desire for sleep
59
Q

bipolar disorder: depressed

A

stuck feeling “down” with:

  • exaggerated pessimism
  • social withdrawal
  • lack of felt pleasure
  • inactivity and no initiative
  • difficulty focusing
  • fatigue and excessive desire to sleep
60
Q

mood disorders: men vs women depression

A

risk of depression: women almost 2x greater than men

  • around the world, women are more susceptible to depression
61
Q

Depression: emotional symptoms

A
  • feelings of sadness, hopelessness, guilt, emptiness, or worthlessness
  • feeling emotionally disconnected from others
  • turning away from other people
62
Q

Depression: behavioral symptoms

A
  • dejected facial expression
  • makes less eye contact; eyes downcast
  • smiles less often
  • slowed movements, speech, and gestures
  • tearfulness or spontaneous episodes of crying
  • loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities, including sex
  • withdrawal from social activities
63
Q

Depression: cognitive symptoms

A
  • difficulty thinking, concentrating, and remembering
  • global negativity and pessimism’
  • suicidal thoughts or preoccupation with death
64
Q

Depression: physical symptoms

A
  • changes in appetite resulting in significant weight loss or gain
  • insomnia, early morning awakening, or oversleeping
  • vague but chronic aches and pains
  • diminished sexual interest
  • loss of physical and mental energy
  • global feelings of anxiety
  • restlessness, fidgeting
65
Q

time vs mood disorder

A

often, time heals a mood disorder, especially when the mood issue is in reaction to a stressful event. However, a significant proportion of people with major depressive disorder do not automatically or easily get better with time

66
Q

sucide and self-injury statistics

A

1 mil people/yr commit suicide
- when people feel frustrated, trapped, isolated, ineffective, and see no end to these feelings

non-suicidal self-injury has other functions such as sending a message, or self-punishment

67
Q

understanding mood disorders: biological perspective vs social-cognitive perspective

A

biological aspects and explanations: evolutionary, genetic, brain/body

social-cognitive aspects and explanations: negative thoughts and negative mood, explanatory style, the vicious cyle

68
Q

Depression: evolutionary perspective

A

potential survival value in mild non-disorder form of social emotional hibernation:

  • conserves energy
  • aviods conflict and other risks
  • let go of unattainable goals
  • take time to contemplate
69
Q

genetic biology of depression

A

1) DNA linkage analysis reveals depressed gene regions

2) twin/adoption heritability studies

70
Q

brain biology of depression

A
  • activity diminished in depression and increased in mania
  • structure: smaller frontal lobes in depression and fewer axons in bipolar disorder
  • brain cell NT’s: more norepineprhine in mania, less in depression, reduced serotonin in depression
71
Q

prevention/reducing depression: treatment options

A

1) adjust NT levels with medication
2) increase serotonin levels with exercise
3) reduce brain inflammation with a healthy diet, especially olive and fish oils
4) prevent excessive alcohol use

72
Q

understanding mood disorders: social-cognitive perspective (depression)

A

depression is associated with:

  • low self-esteem
  • rumination
  • learned helplessness
  • depressive explanatory style
73
Q

low self-esteem

A

discounting positive info and assuming the worst about self, situation, and the future

74
Q

learned helplessness

A

self-defeating beliefs such as assuming that oneself is unable to cope, improve, achieve, or be happy

75
Q

rumination

A

stuck focusing on what’s bad

76
Q

depressive explanatory style

A

analyzing bad news by putting blame on self and not coping

stable style: I’ll never get over this
temporary style = I will get over this
global style = without him I can’t do anything
specific style = he improved these things in my life but other parts are fine
internal style = it was all my fault
external style = it takes two to tango – also his fault

ex: break-up
problems: can’t get over it, I can’t do anything w/o partner, our breakup was all my fault –> depression

77
Q

depression’s vicious cycle

A

a depressed mood may develop when a person with a negative outlook experiences repeated stress

depressed moods changes a person’s style of thinking and interacting in a way that makes stressful experience more likely

stressful experience –> negative explanatory style –> depressed mood –> cognitive and behavioral changes –> stressful experience again –>

78
Q

OCD brain

A

prefrontal cortex and (acc) anterior cingulate cortex

79
Q

brain activity in depression and mania

A
  • decreased in depression (less epinephrine) less serotonin
  • increased in mania (more epinephrine)
  • depression has smaller frontal lobe

Psych 10 (9 decks)

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