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Psych 10 > Modules 35, 36, 37 > Flashcards

Modules 35, 36, 37 Flashcards

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1
Q

emotions are a mix of:

A

expressive behavior
bodily arousal
conscious experience

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2
Q

ex: anger

A

expressive behavior: yelling, accelerating
bodily arousal: sweat pounding heart
conscious experience: thoughts, especially labeling !! angry, scared, better calm down

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3
Q

emotion

A

a full body/mind/behavioral response to a situation

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4
Q

chicken vs egg

thoughts vs body changes

A

do body changes that go with an emotion or thoughts (conscious awareness and labeling of an emotion) come first?

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5
Q

James-Lange theory on body vs thoughts

A

body before thoughts

emotion is our conscious awareness of our physiological responses to stimuli

“we feel afraid because we tremble, sorry because we cry”

if something makes us smile, we may then feel happy

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6
Q

Cannon-Bard theory on body vs thoughts

A

body with thoughts

we have a conscious/cognitive experience of an emotion at the same time as our body is responding, not afterward responses run parallel

adjusting the theory:

  • emotions are not just a separate mental experience – when our body responses are blocked, emotions do not feel as intense
    • our cognitions influence our emotions in many ways, including our interpretations of stimuli: ‘is that a threat’? then I’m afraid
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7
Q

Singer-Schachter/Two-factor theory on body vs thoughts

A

physical feeling –> identification/label –> REAL EMOTION

emotions do not exist until we add a label to whatever sensations we are feeling

found from spillover effect

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8
Q

Zajonc, LeDoux theory on thoughts vs body

A

body/brain without conscious thoughts

some emotional reactions, especially fears, likes, and dislikes, develop in a “low road” through the brain, skipping conscious thought

-showed image of scary stuff too fast for brain to comprehend what it was but the person still felt scared

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9
Q

spillover effect

A

arousal caused by epinephrine – subjects interpreted agitation to whatever emotion the others in the room appeared to be feeling– label “spilled over”

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10
Q

Lazarus

A
  • even in emotional responses that operate without conscious thought, “top-down” cognitive functions such as appraisal of stimuli can be involved
  • unconscious appraisal
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11
Q

sympathetic nervous system triggering physiological arousal

A 
dilates pupils
decreases salivation
skin perspiration
increases respiration
accelerates heart
inhibits digestion
secrete stress hormones
reduced immune system functioning
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12
Q

sympathetic nervous system physiological calming

A 
pupils contract
increases salivation
dries skin
decreases respiration
slows heart
activates digestion
decreases secretion of stress hormones
enhances immune system functioning
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13
Q

left FRONTAL lobe - emotions

A

positive / “approach” emotions: joy, love, goal-seeking

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14
Q

right brain hemisphere - emotions

A

negative / “withdrawal” emotions: disgusts, fear, anger, depression

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15
Q

detecting emotion - introverts vs extroverts

A

introverts are better at detecting emotions; extroverts have emotions that are easier to read

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16
Q

detecting emotion - priming

A
  • we are primed to quickly detect neg. emotions, and even negative emotion words
  • abuse victims are biased toward seeing fearful faces as angry
17
Q

detecting lies - visible signs

A

polygraphs sometimes fail – they can think about traumatic events that
- visible signs: eye blinks decrease and increase after the lie

18
Q

Duchenne smile

A

includes eye muscle – smiling eyes too
- associated with happiness

  • perceived better than a fake smile - shows cooperation, altruism
19
Q

gender - emotional expression and detection

A

women - greater and more complex emotional expression, also more skilled at detecting emotions in others
- people tend to attribue women’s emotionality to their dispositions and attribute men’s emotions to their circumstances

  • mean? oh she’s always just a b.
  • man? he’s going through a rough time

nicer gender neutral face = female, non nice = male

20
Q

evolutionary theory of the origins of emotional facial expressions

A
  • people blind from birth show the same facial expressions as sighted people – origin must be genetic
  • survival: snarl (back off from competitors) surprised faces let us take in info
    shared smiles build protective social bonds, which may explain why we smile more when facing someone
21
Q

facial feedback effect

A

facial position and muscle changes can alter which emotion we feel

  • fake a relaxed smile and you might feel better
  • even extending a thumb or middle finger results in a more hostile vs positive perspective
22
Q

experienced emotion - universal emotion (10)

A

10 basic emotions
Joy - mouth forming smile, cheeks lifted, twinkle in eye

Anger (brows drawn together and downward, eyes fixed, mouth squarish)

Interest (brows raised or knitted, mouth softly rounded, lip pursed)

Disgust (nose wrinkled, upper lip raised, tongue pushed outward)

Surprise (brows raised, eyes widened, mouth rounded in oval shape)

Sadness (brow’s inner corner raised, mouth corners drawn down)

Fear (brows level, drawn in and up, eyelids lifted, mouth corners retracted)

contempt
shame
guilt

23
Q

2 dimensions of emotion: valence (james russell)

A

up-down:
pleasant, positive up
vs unpleasant, negative down

24
Q

2 dimensions of emotion: arousal (james russell)

A

low arousal to high arousal (left to right)

25
Q

flash vs persistent anger

A

flash - gives us energy and initiative to fight or otherwise take action when necessary
persistent anger can cause more harm than whatever we’re angry about

26
Q

preventing persistent anger

A

distraction, constructive action, problem-solving, exercise, verbal expression, allowing others to be wrong

calm down and move on

27
Q

catharsis (anger)

A
  • myth refers to idea that we can reduce anger by releasing it by acting aggressively (yelling, punching a pillow)
  • it usually worsense it and any release reinforces aggression, making it a conditioned habit
  • somtimes releasing can cause harm and result in guilt
28
Q

happiness

A

a mood, attitude, social phenomenon, cognitive filter, a way to stay hopeful, motivated, and connected to others

29
Q

feel-good, do-good phenomenon

A

when in a good mood, we do more for others. reverse too: doing good feels good

30
Q

adaptation-level phenomenon

A

when our wealth or other life conditions improve, we are happier compared to our past condition, but then we adapt to a “new normal” and most people need another boost to feel the same satisfaction

31
Q

relative deprivation

A

feeling worse off by comparing yourself to people who are doing better

32
Q

happiness correlated to

A
  • high self esteem (in individualistic countries)
  • optimism, outgoing, agreeable
  • close friendships or satisfying marriage
  • work and leisure that engage their skills
  • active religous faith
  • sleep well and exercise
33
Q

happiness not as related to

A

age, gender, parenthood (having/not having children), physical attractiveness

34
Q

lifestyle: increasing chances at happiness

A
  • look beyond wealth for satisfaction
  • bring your habits in line with your goals; take control of your time
  • smile and act happy
  • find work and leisure that engages your skills
  • exercise, or just move
  • focus on the needs and wishes of others
  • work, rest, SLEEP
  • notice what goes well and express gratitude
  • nurture spirituality, meaning, community
  • make your close relationships a priority
35
Q

brain activity during a lie

A

light up anterior cingulate cortex and prefrontal cortex activity up

36
Q

levels of happiness (timing)

A

happiest at 5pmish and then it goes downhill after midnight

happiest friday sat sund

37
Q

wealth vs happiness

A

after lifitng you from exterme povertay makes no difference

38
Q

genetic correlation of happiness

A

baseline level of what we adapt to and go back to always

and potentially genetic predisposition to happiness

Psych 10 (9 decks)

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