Modules 18 and 19 Flashcards
Act or sense of hearing
Audition
Determines loudness
Amplitude
Measured in hertz and determines pitch
Frequency
A tone’s experienced highness or lowness, depends on frequency
Pitch
Measured in decibels
Sound Intensity
Chamber between eardrum and cochlea constraining 3 tiny bones that concentrate vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea’s oval window
Middle ear
Coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear; sound waves traveling through the cochlear fluid trigger nerve impulses
Cochlea
Innermost part of ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs
Inner ear
Main mechanical element within cochlea of inner ear
Basilar Membrane
Primary sensory receptor cells within the inner ear
Hair Cells
Relays neural activity to CNS
Auditory Nerve
Part of temporal love that processes auditory information
Auditory Cortex
Nociceptors
Sensory receptors
The most common form of hearing loss, caused by damage to cochlea’s receptor cells or auditory information
Sensorineural hearing loss (nerve deafness)
Caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sounds waves to the cochlea
Conduction hearing loss
Device that converts sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea
Cochlear implant
Links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated
Place Theory (place coding)
The rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matched the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch
Frequency Theory (temporal coding)
The spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain
Gate-control Theory
Pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers (open or close)
Gate Opens
Large fibers or information coming from the brain (open or close)
Gate Closes
Phantom sound of ringing ears
Tinnitus
People are likely to do whatever they see as being the norm
Social Influence Theory
When an auditory component of one sound is paired with a visual component, leading to the perception of a third sound
McGurk Effect
Idea that many features of cognition are shaped by the state and capacities of an organism
Embodied Cognition
Where a person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behavior will spontaneously occur
Hypnosis
Split in consciousness, allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others
Dissociation
Suggestion made during hypnosis to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized
Posthypnotic Suggestion
Gustation
Sense of taste
Olfaction
Sense of smell
Our movement sense, for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts
Kinesthesia
Our balance sense, sense of body movement and position that enables our sense of balance
Vestibular Sense
The principle that one sense can influence another
Sensory Interaction
The influence of bodily sensations and gestures on cognitive preferences and judgements
Embodied Cognition
Perception can occur apart from sensory input (includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition)
Extrasensory Perception (ESP)
Study of paranormal phenomena (ESP and telekinesis)
Parapsychology
We pick out objects (figure) standing out against a background (ground)
Figure Ground Perception
Do you see a goblet or two faces?
Figure Ground Perception
A meaningful pattern/configuration form a “whole” that is more than the sum of its parts
Gestalt
Proximity, continuity, and closure
Wholes (Gestalt)
Test of depth
Test of depth perception, babies seem to develop the ability at crawling age
Visual Cliff
Depth cue that depends on the use of two eyes, gives us retinal disparity
Binocular Cues
Allows us to see depth
Retinal Disparity
Needing only one eye
Monocular Cues
When one object appears to block the view of another, we assume that the blocking object is in a position between our eyes and the blocked object
Monocular Cue: Interposition
We intuitively know to interpret familiar objects as farther away when they appear smaller
Monocular Cue: Relative Size
Flowers in distance seem farther away because the rows converge. Our brain reads this as a sign of distance
Monocular Cue: Linear Perspective and Interposition
We tend to perceive the higher part of a scene as farther away
Monocular Cue: Relative Height
Ability to see objects as appearing the same even under different lighting, distances, or angles (top-down process)
Perceptual Constancy
Snow during day is white, snow during night is still white
Perceptual Constancy
x
Relative Luminance
Ability to adjust to changed sensory input
Perceptual Adaptation
After our sensory information is distorted, humans may at first be disoriented but can learn to adjust and function (delayed tv audio or new glasses)
Perceptual Adaptation
The length of a sound wave, high and low sounds (pitch)
Frequency
Height or intensity of a sound wave, loud and soft (volume)
Amplitude
Sound quality or resonance
Complexity
The sense or act of hearing
Audition
Collects sound and funnels it to the eardrum
Outer Ear
Sound waves hit the eardrum and move 3 bones in ways that amplify vibrations. Vibrations are sent to the oval window of the cochlea.
Middle Ear
Names of 3 bones in the middle ear
- Hammer
- Anvil
- Stirrup
Waves of fluid move from oval window over the cochlea’s “hair” receptor cells and send signals through auditory nerves to temporal lobe
Inner Ear
The inner ear contains the:
- Cochlea
- Semicircular canals
- Vestibular sacs
Primary sensory receptor cells within the inner ear
Hair Cells
When the middle ear isn’t conducting sounds to the cochlea well
Conduction Hearing Loss
Hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system
Conduction Hearing Loss
Most common form of hearing loss
Sensorineural Hearing Loss (nerve deafness)
When the receptor cells aren’t sending messages through the auditory nerves
Sensorineural Hearing Loss
