MODULE V: NUTRITION ACROSS LIFESPAN Flashcards
Human pregnancy lasts
for a period of
266 to 280 days (37-40 weeks
A. Nutrition in Pregnancy and Lactation
Nutritional Objectives:
1. Ensure optimum nutrition before, during, and after
pregnancy and during lactation
2. Provide adequate nutrition to meet increased
maternal and fetal nutrients demands.
consists of 3 trimesters which correspond to the three
main phases:
implantation, organogenesis, and growth.
Dietary guideline during pregnancy and lactation
A daily increase calories
second trimester
340 calories
Dietary guideline during pregnancy and lactation
A daily increase calories
third trimester
452 calories
MATERNAL WEIGHT GAIN
FETUS
UTERUS
PLACENTA
AMNIOTIC FLUID
BLOOD VOLUME
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
ACCRETION
BREAST TISSUE
FAT
TOTAL
MATERNAL WEIGHT GAIN
TISSUE WEIGHT
(POUNDS)
FETUS 7.5
UTERUS 2.0
PLACENTA 1.5
AMNIOTIC FLUID 2.0
BLOOD VOLUME 3.0
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
ACCRETION
2.0
BREAST TISSUE 1.0
FAT 9.0
TOTAL 28.0
Recommended weight during first trimester is
1
to 4 lb
Recommended weight gain is___ lb per
month during the second and third trimesters.
2 to 4
Underweig
ht
BMI < 18.5
28-40
lbs
Normal
Weight
BMI 18.5- 24.9
25-35
lbs
Overweigh
t
BMI 25.0- 29.9
15-25
lbs
Obese BMI ≥ 30
15 lbs
Underweight Risk:
pregnant
low-birth weight infants
pre-termdeath and infant death
Overweight and Obese Risk|
pregnant
hypertension, gestationaldiabetes, and postpartuminfections
complication of labor delivery;
cesarean section for largebabies
Lactating women require an increaseindailycaloric
first 6 months
second 6 months
intakeof 330calories
f 400calories
Macronutrients and Micronutrients Requirementsduring Pregnancy and Lactation
Protein
20% of daily total calorieintake
1.1g/kg/day
purpos of Protein in pregnancy
rapid tissue growth of maternal and fetal structures, amoniotic fluid, and extra blood volume.
animal sourcesof proteinmight contain large amounts of
fats.
Macronutrients and Micronutrients Requirementsduring Pregnancy and Lactation
Fats
Fats should be limited to 30%of total dailycalorie intake
Macronutrients and Micronutrients Requirementsduring Pregnancy and Lactation
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates should comprise50%of thetotal daily calorie intake. Ensuringadequatecarbohydrate intake allows for proteintobespared and available for the synthesisof fetaltissue. The need f
Vitamins
p[regnancy
are essential for blood formation, absorption of iron, and development of fetal
tissue
duringh pregnancy
Fluid:
2000 to 3000 mL of fluids daily from food
and drinks
Caffeine
Caffeine crosses the placenta and can
affect the movement and heart rate of the fetus. However, moderate use (less than 300mg/day)
does not appear to be harmful.
Vegetarian diets:
well-balanced vegetarian diets
that include dairy products can provide all the
nutritional requirements of pregnancy
Folic acid intake
600
mcg/day of folic acid be taken during pregnanc
neurological
developmen
maternal red blood cell
formation.
are common during
pregnancy
Nausea and constipation
Dietary Complication during Pregnancy
For nausea,
eat dry crackers or toast.
Dietary Complication during Pregnancy
For constipation
– increase fluid consumption
and include extra fiber in the diet
Dietary Complication during Pregnancy
Maternal phenylketonuria (PKU)
maternalgenetic disease in which high level of phenylalaninepose danger to the fetus.
Dietary Complication during Pregnancy
Toxemia –
rapid weight gain, edema, highbloodpressures, excretion of albumin in theurine, andconvulsion a
Acutetoxemiaofpregnancy (onset after the
24th week)
Anemia
the classic macrocytic anemiaofpregnancy represents a combined deficiencyof ironand folic acid.
Diabetes
– pregnant women with diabetes is more prone to develop pre-eclampsia, pyelonephritis, andpolyhydramnios (an excess of amnioticfluid), andher baby has a higher risk of dyinginuterooratbirth.
Excessive maternal alcohol ingestionislinkedto fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). Itsmajorfeatures are
CNS disorders
Smoking during pregnancy
lowers the mean birth weight and increases the risk of perinatal mortality
Nutritional Objectives:
Growth rate is more than any other periodofthe life cycle.
Birth weight doubles by 4 to 6monthsandtriples by 1 year of age.
Appropriate weight gain averages 0.15to0.21kg (5 to 7 oz) per week during the 5- 6months,approximately 1.25 cm(0.5in) inheight per month the last t 6 months.
Weaning
developmentally, the infant is ready for
weaning from the breast or bottle to a cup
between
5 to 8 months of age
Introducing solid food
on the 4th month,
Iron-fortified cereal is
first solidfoodintroduced as gestation iron storesbegintodeplete around 4 months of age
Cow’s milk should not be introduced into the diet until
1 year of age because proteina nd mineral content stress the immatur kidney.
Colic –
is
characterized by
persistent crying
lasting 3 hrs or
longer per day
more than 3
days per week for more
than 3 weeks
