MODULE-V Flashcards
Human pregnancy lasts
for a period of
266 to 280 days (37-40 weeks)
Dietary guideline during pregnancy and lactation
Dietary guideline during pregnancy and lactation
A daily increase of ____calories is recommended
during the second trimester of pregnancy, and an
increase of ____ calories is recommended during the
third trimester of pregnancy
340
452
MATERNAL WEIGHT GAIN
FETUS
7.5
UTERUS
2.0
PLACENTA
1.5
AMNIOTIC FLUID
2.0
BLOOD VOLUME
3.0
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
ACCRETION
2.0
BREAST TISSUE
1
FAT
9.0
Recommended weight during first trimester is
1
to 4 lb.
Recommended weight fain is ____ lb per
month during the second and third trimesters
2 to 4
Underweight Risk
High risk of havinglow-birth weight infants; higher ratesof pre-termdeath and infant deaths.
Overweight and Obese Risk:
highriskofcomplication like hypertension, gestationaldiabetes, and postpartuminfections;complication of labor delivery; increasedlikelihood of a difficult labor anddelivery, birthtrauma, and cesarean section for larg
Lactating women
additional daily intakeof ____calories is recommended during thefirst 6months
____caloriesisrecommended during the second 6 months.
330
400
Dietary requirement for major nutrients
– for normal woman proteinshouldcomprise ___ of daily total calorieintake
20%
Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) for proteinduring pregnancy is ___
1.1g/kg/day.
Proteinisessential for
rapid tissue growthof maternaland fetal structures, amoniotic fluid, andextrablood volume
Women who are pregnant should be aware that ___sources of proteinmight contain large amounts of fats.
animal
FAO/WHO recommends anadditional ___of protein per day for the later part of pregnancy.
9g
Pregnant Adolescents (ages 16-19)d
they should aim for a total of ___ protein
73 grams per day.
Fats should be limited to ___of total dailycalorie intake.
30%
Carbohydrates should comprise____of thetotal daily calorie intake. Ensuringadequatecarbohydrate intake allows for proteintobespared and available for the synthesisof fetaltissue.
50%
Vitamins are essential for_____ Comparative Dietary Reference Intakes
(DRIs) of major vitamins for women age 19-30
during nonpregnancy, pregnancy, and lactation.
blood formation, absorption of iron, and development of fetal
tissue.
Fluid: ____ mL of fluids daily from food
and drinks
2000 to 3000
: Caffeine ____. However, moderate use (less than ____mg/day)
does not appear to be harmful.
crosses the placenta and can
affect the movement and heart rate of the fetus
300
Iron can be obtained from ____Consuming foods high
in vitamin ____aids in the absorption of iron.
dairy products and
meats, especially red meats.
|
C
For nausea, eat _____Avoid
alcohol, caffeine, fats, and spices. Avoid
drinking fluids with meals, and do not take
medication to control nausea without checking
with the provider
dry crackers or toast.
For constipation –
Increase fluid consumption
and include extra fiber in the diet. Fruits, vegetable and whole grains contain fiber.
is amaternalgenetic disease in which high level of phenylalaninepose danger to the fetus.
Maternal phenylketonuria (PKU)
Toxemia
rapid weight gain
edema
highbloodpressures
excretion of albumin in theurine
convulsion
Two classification of toxemia:
Acute toxemia ofpregnancy (onset after the 24th week) andChronichypertensive (vascular) disease.
Anemia
– the classic macrocytic anemiaofpregnancy represents a combined deficiencyof ironand folic acid.
Rapid weight gain or loss
– the popular conceptof“eating for two” is not valid amongwell-nourishedmothers and may lead to overweight withconsequent toxemia, difficulties of labor, andbirthof large sickly babies.
Diabetes
– pregnant women with diabetesismoreprone to develop pre-eclampsia, pyelonephritis, andpolyhydramnios (an excess of amnioticfluid), andher baby has a higher risk of dyinginuterooratbirth. Rigid control of maternal bloodglucoseconcentration is considered vital for agoodprognosis of the fetus.
Socio-economic and cultural factors
Low-income groups tend to havebigfamilies,one reason for the decreaseinkindandamount of food available tothepregnantmothe
Fallacies should be ignored. (e.g. that eatingeggplant causes beriberi in the mother)
Excessive maternal alcohol ingestion islinked to
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS).
Excessive maternal alcohol ingestionislinkedto fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). Its major features are
CNS disorders, mental retardation,growth deficiencies, and facial deformities.
Smoking during pregnancy_ Smoking seems to affect the conversion of dietary calories into ___
lowers the mean birth weight and increases the risk of perinatal mortality.
weight gain
Infants refers to a
person not more than12monthsofage
A healthy full-term infant weighs to ____and measures ____ inlength.
3.2kg(6-7lbs)|
48 to 50 cm (19-20 inches)
Infants Birth weight doubles by 4 to 6monthsandtriples by 1 year of age. The needof caloriesand nutrients is high to support therapidrateofgrowth
Appropriate weight gain averages0.15to0.21kg (5 to 7 oz) per week during the5-6months,approximately 1.25 cm(0.5in) inheight permonth the last 6 months
An infant grows approximately 2.3cm (1 in) per
month in height the first 6 months, an
approximately 1.25 cm (0.5 in) in height per
month the last 6 months.
Head circumference increases rapidly during
the first 6 months at a rate of 1.5 cm (0.6 in)
per month. The rate slows to 0.5cm/month for
months 6 to 12. By 1 year, head size should
have increased by 33%. This is reflective of the
growth of the nervous system.
Formula feeding
is feeding the infant with
formula designed to match the nutritional ratio of
breast milk composition, diluted with water to
reduce protein and mineral concentration, and
added with carbohydrate to increase energy
value.
Weaning - developmentally, the infant is ready for
weaning from the breast or bottle to a cup
between _____ months of age
5 to 8
Introducing solid food –
on the 4th month, test
his/her readiness to accept new foods by placing
a teaspoon between the lips. Avoid forcing the
baby to eat if he/she is not yet ready
Semi-solid food should not be introduced before 4 months of age to coincide with the development of head control, ability to sit, and the back-and-forth motion of the tongue
Iron-fortified cerea
is the first solidfoodintroduced as gestation iron storesbegintodeplete around 4 months of age.
Cow’s milk
should not be introducedintothediet until 1 year of age becauseproteinandmineral content stress the immaturekidney.Ayoung infant cannot fully digest theproteinandfat contained in cow’s milk.
Colic
what
causes
treatment
– is
characterized by
persistent crying
lasting 3 hrs or
longer per day
unknown, but usually
occurs in the late
afternoon, more than 3
days per week for more
than 3 weeks. The
crying is accompanied
by a tense abdomen and
legs drawn up to the
belly.
Usually resolves by 3 months of age.
If breastfeeding, eliminating cruciferous vegetables, cow’s milk, onion, and chocolate may be helpful.
Burp the infant in an upright position.
Reassure parents that colic is transient and does not indicate more serious problems or a lack of parental ability.
Lactose
intolerance
what
causes
treatment
– is
the inability to
digest significant
amounts of
lactose and ids
due to
inadequate
lactase
Clinical findings include
abdominal distention,
flatus, and occasional
diarrhea
Either soy-based(ProSObeeorIsomil)orcaseinhydrolysate(NutramigenorPregestimil) formulascanbeprescribedasalternativeformulas
Failure to thrive
what
causes
treatment
is inadequate
gains in weight
and height in
comparison to
established
growth and
development
norms.
Assess for clinical
finding of
congenital
defects, central
nervous systemdisorders, or
partial intestinal
obstruction.
Assess for
swallowing or
suckling problems. Identify feeding
patterns, especially
concerning
preparation of
formulas. Assess for
psychosocial
problems, especially parentinfant bonding.
Provide supportive nutritional guidance. A high-calorie, high-protein diet is usually indicated.
Provide supportive parenting guidance
Diarrhea
what
causes
treatment
– is
characterized by
the passage of
more than three
loose, watery
stools over a 24- hr period
Over feeding and food
intolerances are
common cause of
osmotic diarrhea.
Infectious diarrhea in
the infants are
commonly by rotavirus. Mild diarrhea may
require no special
interventions
Moderate diarrhea
– at home with
oral rehydration
solutions
(Pedialyte,Infalyt
e, ReVital) or
generic
equivalents. After each loose
stool, 8 oz of
solution should
be given. Sports
drinks are
contraindicated
Breastfed infants
should continue
nursing
Contact the
provider if
clinical findings
of dehydrations
are present, or if
vomiting, bloody
stools, high
fever, change in
mental status, or
refusal to take
liquids occurs
Constipation is
what
causes
treatment
the inabilityor
difficulty to
evacuate the
bowels.
Constipation is not
a commonproblem
for breastfed infants
Constipation may
be caused by
formula that is too
concentrated or by
inadequate
carbohydrate intake
- Stress the
importance of
accuratedilution of
formula.
Advise adherence
to the
recommended
amount of formula
intake for age.
