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Nurse Aide 1 > Module H: Definitions > Flashcards

Module H: Definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell Theory

A

basic unit of all living tissues or organisms, all living organisms made of cells, and cellular function is essential process of living things

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2
Q

Cells

A

are building blocks of the human body and when combined, are said to form tissue need food, water, and oxygen to live and function

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3
Q

Cells

A

are building blocks of the human body and when combined, are said to form tissue need food, water, and oxygen to live & function

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4
Q

Metastasis

A

cancer spread to other parts of body

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5
Q

Organ

A

made of tissue, may be several different types of tissue that carry on a special function, and combine to form a system

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6
Q

Organism

A

made up of systems functioning together to perform activities of daily living needed for continued life. Examples of organisms: humans, trees, cats, and ladybugs

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7
Q

Organelle

A

carry on work of cell

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8
Q

System

A

made of groups of several organs functioning together for a specific purpose or purposes

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9
Q

Tissue

A

cells grouped together to carry out a particular activity or function; when grouped together, tissues become organs

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10
Q

Bondy Prominences

A

areas of body where bone is close to the skin, such as elbows, shoulder blades, sacrum

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11
Q

Dermatitis

A

inflammation of skin

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12
Q

Dermis

A

layer of skin under the epidermis contains, hair & nail follicles, sweat & oil glands, blood vessels, nerves, & touch receptors

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13
Q

Eczema

A

red, itchy areas on the surface of skin

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14
Q

Epidermis

A

outer layer of skin containing melanin, nerve endings, but no blood vessels

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15
Q

Fiction

A

2 surfaces rub together

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16
Q

Integumentary System

A

the skin; the largest organ and system in the body, responsible
for providing a natural protective covering of the body

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17
Q

Melanin

A

found in epidermis gives the skin primary color

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18
Q

Pressure Points

A

points where the body bears much of the weight

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19
Q

Pressure Ulcers (pressure sore, decubitus ulcer, bed sore)

A

a serious wound caused by

poor circulation, resulting from pressure

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20
Q

Shearing

A

skin moves in one direction and underneath tissue remains fixed

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21
Q

Abduction

A

moving a body part away from the midline

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22
Q

Adduction

A

moving a body part toward the midline

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23
Q

Amputation

A

removal of all or part of a limb

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24
Q

Arthritis

A

inflammation of the joints

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25
Q

Bone Marrow

A

soft and spongy inside part of the bone

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26
Q

Bones

A

hard and rigid structures that make up the skeleton and together form the framework of the body

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27
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

involuntary muscle of the heart

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28
Q

Contracture

A

permanent shortening of muscle resulting in immovable joints

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29
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

bending the toes and foot upward at the ankle

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30
Q

Extension

A

straightening a body part

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31
Q

External Rotation

A

turning the joint outward

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32
Q

Flexion

A

bending a body part

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33
Q

Fracture

A

break in the bone

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34
Q

Internal Rotation

A

turning the joint inward

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35
Q

Joints

A

point where bones meet and consist of cartilage and connective tissue that cushion the bones, allowing for movement of the area

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36
Q

Ligaments

A

connect bone to bone

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37
Q

Muscle Atrophy

A

muscle mass decreases in size

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38
Q

Muscle Strain

A

damage of the muscle caused by trauma

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39
Q

Muscles

A

structure of the body that powers movement of skeleton and helps body stay erect

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40
Q

Musculoskeletal System

A

system of the body that provides structure and movement

for the body

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41
Q

Opposition

A

touching the thumb to a finger of the same hand

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42
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

disease affects weight-bearing joints, with aches, stiffness, limited motion

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43
Q

Osteoporosis

A

spongy type of bone that breaks easily

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44
Q

Plantar Flexion

A

bending the foot downward at the ankle

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45
Q

Pronation

A

turning downward

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46
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

systemic, crippling disease causing deformities, with stiff,

painful, swollen joints

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47
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

voluntary muscle that powers movement of the skeleton

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48
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

involuntary muscle of the inner linings of organs

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49
Q

Sprain

A

stretched or torn ligaments or tendons

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50
Q

Supination

A

turning upward

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51
Q

Tendons

A

connect muscle to bone

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52
Q

Blindness

A

loss of eyesight

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53
Q

Brain

A

located in the skull and consists of three parts – cerebrum, cerebellum, and the brainstem

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54
Q

Brainstem

A

part of the brain that controls breathing, opening and closing of blood vessels, heart rate, swallowing, gagging, and coughing

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55
Q

CVA (or stroke) cerebro vascular accident

A

damage to part of brain due to blood clot or

hemorrhage cutting blood supply off

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56
Q

Cataract

A

when lens of eye becomes cloudy

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57
Q

Cerebellum

A

part of the brain located just below the cerebrum that controls balance and regulates movement

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58
Q

Cerebrum

A

center of the brain where thought and intelligence occur

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59
Q

Deafness

A

hearing loss

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60
Q

Dementia

A

progressive loss of mental abilities, such as thinking, remembering, etc

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61
Q

Glaucoma

A

damage to optic nerve caused by pressure

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62
Q

Hearing Loss

A

not being able to hear normal range of sounds that can be heard with normal hearing

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63
Q

Nerves

A

structures that are made up of nerve cells or neurons that carry messages to and from the brain and to and from the rest of the body

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64
Q

Neurological System

A

the control and message center of the body

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65
Q

Neurons

A

nerve cells

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66
Q

Otitis Media

A

infection of the middle ear

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67
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

progressive nervous disease due to destruction of brain cells

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68
Q

Sensory Organs

A

receive impulses from environment and relay impulses to brain including skin, tongue, nose, eyes, and ears

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69
Q

Spinal Cord

A

located within the spine, connected to the brain and conducts messages between the brain and the body by pathways

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70
Q

Anemia

A

low red blood cell count

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71
Q

Arteries

A

blood vessels that carry blood with oxygen and nutrients away from the heart and to the cells

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72
Q

Atria (right and left)

A

two upper chambers of the heart

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73
Q

Blood

A

consists of water (90%), blood cells, carbon dioxide, oxygen, nutrients, hormones, enzymes, waste products

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74
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

also called the circulatory system and is the continuous movement of blood though the body

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75
Q

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

A

when one or both sides of the heart stop pumping effectively

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76
Q

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

A

a condition in which blood vessels in the coronary arteries narrow, lowering blood supply to the heart and depriving it of oxygen

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77
Q

Diastole

A

the resting phase of the heart when the heart fills with blood; the bottom number of a blood pressure reading

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78
Q

Heart

A

the pump of the cardiovascular system

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79
Q

Hypertension

A

high blood pressure

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80
Q

Myocardial Infarction (MI)

A

a heart attack; a condition where the heart muscle does not receive enough blood and lacks oxygen, causing damage or death to that area of the heart

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81
Q

Pulse

A

is the beat of the heart felt at an artery, as a wave of blood passes through the artery; is the numbers of heart beats per minute

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82
Q

Systole

A

the working phase of the heart when the heart is pumping blood to the body; the top number of a blood pressure reading

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83
Q

Varicose Veins

A

enlarged, twisted veins usually in the legs

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84
Q

Veins

A

blood vessels that carry blood with waste products away from the cells and to the heart

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85
Q

Ventricles (Right and Left)

A

two lower chambers of the heart

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86
Q

Asthma

A

a disease characterized by difficulty breathing, wheezing, and a sense of tightness or constriction in the chest due to spasm of the muscles

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87
Q

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

A

Emphysema, asthma, and chronic bronchitis and problems related to these diseases

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88
Q

Cyanosis

A

changes in skin color, pale or bluish color of lips and extremities

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89
Q

Dyspnea

A

difficulty breathing

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90
Q

Emphysema

A

irreversible damage to the lungs causing permanent holes in the lung
tissues

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91
Q

Epiglottis

A

covers larynx when swallowing preventing food from going into airway

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92
Q

Exhale

A

when carbon dioxide is expelled out of nose and the mouth from the lungs

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93
Q

Expiration

A

involves the breathing out of carbon dioxide

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94
Q

Influenza

A

contagious respiratory disease caused by a virus

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95
Q

Inhale

A

when air (or oxygen) is pulled in through the nose and down into the lungs

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96
Q

Inspiration

A

involves the breathing in of oxygen

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97
Q

lobes

A

segments or areas of the lung

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98
Q

Lower Respiratory Tract

A

consists of lower trachea, bronchi, and lungs

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99
Q

Lungs

A

elastic, spongy, cone-shaped air-filled structures involved in respiration

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100
Q

Pneumonia

A

acute (sudden onset) inflammation of the lungs

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101
Q

Respiratory System

A

involves the breathing in of oxygen (inspiration) and the breathing out of carbon dioxide (expiration)

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102
Q

Thorax

A

closed cavity of the body that contain the structures needed for respiration, extending from the base of the neck to the diaphragm

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103
Q

Upper Respiratory Tract

A

consists of nose, mouth, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, and top of trachea

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104
Q

Appendix

A

located where small & large intestine meet – no know function

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105
Q

Constipation

A

difficulty in expelling feces, incomplete, or infrequent bowel movements
hard stool/inability to pass a stool

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106
Q

Diarrhea

A

liquid stool

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107
Q

Esophagus

A

the food tube of the body between the throat and the stomach

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108
Q

Feces

A

tubular shaped stool passed from the rectum

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109
Q

Gastrointestinal System

A

also known as the digestive system, extends from the mouth to the anus, and responsible for digestion and elimination

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110
Q

Hemorrhoids

A

enlarged veins in anal area

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111
Q

Intestines (Small and Large)

A

lower GI structures. The small intestine has 3 parts duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

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112
Q

Pharynx

A

upper GI structure located in the back of the throat

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113
Q

Gastroenteritis

A

inflammation of the stomach and intestines lining

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114
Q

Calculi

A

kidney or bladder stones

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115
Q

Cystitis

A

inflammation of bladder due to infection

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116
Q

Dysuria

A

painful urination

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117
Q

Hematuria

A

blood in the urine

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118
Q

Kidney Failure

A

decreased ability to filter waste products

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119
Q

kidneys

A

paired organs responsible for filtering waste products from the blood and producing urine

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120
Q

Nephritis

A

inflammation of kidney due to infection

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121
Q

Retention

A

inability to completely empty the bladder

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122
Q

UTI

A

urinary tract infection

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123
Q

Ureters

A

narrow tubes that connect the kidneys to the urinary bladder

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124
Q

Urethra

A

a tube located between the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

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125
Q

Urinary Bladder

A

muscular sac that stores the urine until it passes from the body

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126
Q

Urinary Incontinence

A

inability to control urination

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127
Q

Urinary System

A

the filtering system of the body, responsible for ridding body of waste products from blood

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128
Q

Urine

A

made up of water, salt, and waste substances

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129
Q

Cystocele

A

weakening of wall between urethra and vagina, which leads to urinary incontinence?

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130
Q

Prostatic Hypertrophy

A

enlargement of prostate gland, a donut-shaped structure around the male urethra, leading to urinary dysfunction

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131
Q

Reproductive system

A

system allows human beings to create a new human life

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132
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

disorder of carbohydrate metabolism with decreased insulin production from the pancreas

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133
Q

Endocrine System

A

system of glands that secrete chemicals directly into the bloodstream to regulate body functions

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134
Q

Glands

A

secrete chemicals, called hormones that regulate bodily function

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135
Q

Homeostatis

A

balance

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136
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

too much thyroxin

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137
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

too little thyroxin

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138
Q

AIDS

A

disease caused by a virus and attacks the immune system and destroys infection-fighting and cancer-fighting cells of the body

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139
Q

Graves Disease

A

immune system attacks thyroid gland which causes it to secrete more thyroid hormone

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140
Q

Immune System

A

system defends threats both inside and outside the body

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141
Q

Lupus

A

when immune system attacks tissues causing redness, pain, swelling, and damage

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142
Q

List the 7 warning signs of cancer.

A

Change in bowel or bladder habits
A sore that does not heal
Unusual bleeding or discharge from any body opening
Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere
Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing
Obvious change in a wart or mole
Nagging cough or hoarseness

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143
Q

Each lung is covered by a sac called the

A

pleura

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144
Q

the meninges is the protective covering of the

A

spinal cord and brain

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145
Q

the body has four cavities

A

cranial
thoracic
abdominal
pelvic

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146
Q

Organs of the cranial cavity

A

brain and 12 cranial nerves

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147
Q

Organs of the Thoracic cavity

A

lungs, heart, esophagus

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148
Q

Organs of the Abdominal cavity

A

stomach, liver, kidneys, pancreas, spleen, gall bladder, small and most of the large intestines

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149
Q

Organs of the Pelvic cavity

A

reproductive organs, lower colon, and rectum

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150
Q

2 surfaces rub together

A

friction

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151
Q

red, itching areas on the surface of the skin

A

eczema

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152
Q

outer layer of skin containing melanin, nerve endings, but no blood vessels

A

epidermis

153
Q

areas of the body where bone is close to the skin, such as elbows, shoulder blades, sacrum

A

bony prominences

154
Q

points where the body bears much of the weight

A

pressure points

155
Q

a serious wound caused by poor circulation, resulting from pressure

A

pressure ulcers

156
Q

found in epidermis gives the skin primary color

A

melanin

157
Q

layer of skin under the epidermis contains hair and nail follicles, seat & oil glands, blood vessels, nerves, and touch receptors

A

dermis

158
Q

inflammation of skin

A

dermatitis

159
Q

the skin; the largest organ and system in the body responsible for providing a natural protective covering of the body

A

integumentary system

160
Q

skin moves in one direction and underneath tissue remains fixed

A

shearing

161
Q

what changes due to aging are normal for the integumentary system

A

nails harden and become more brittle
folds, line, wrinkles, brown spots (liver spots)
development of skin tags, warts, moles
reduced circulation to skin resulting dryness and itching

162
Q

what is the function of the integumentary system

A

protect body from injury and pathogens
regulates body temperature
eliminates waste through perspiration
stores fat and vitamins

163
Q

Describe stage 1 of pressure ulcers

A

skin is intact, red, darkened, or non-blanchable, still present after 30 minutes relieved

164
Q

Describe stage 2 of pressure ulcers

A

addition of blister like lesions; thickness skin loss involving the epidermis and dermis

165
Q

Describe stage 3 of pressure ulcers

A

full thickness skin loss; infection and eschar (scab) may result

166
Q

Describe stage 4 of pressure ulcers

A

skin, fatty tissue destroyed, muscle and bone involved

167
Q

psoriasis

A

chronic inflammatory noncontagious, excessive reproduction of epidermal cells, causing circular patches which are scaly and itch

168
Q

shingles

A

viral infection caused by varicella zoster

169
Q

impetigo

A

a contagious skin infection

170
Q

gangrene

A

necrosis of tissue cells due to blockage of blood supply to an area, or blockage from disease or direct injury

171
Q

What should NA’s remember when caring for older adults

A

older adults do not need complete bed baths every day (a couple of times a week, supplemented with sponge baths on non-bath days)
older adults often need lotion for moisture
be gentle with movement and care because of fragility of skin
gently brush hair daily to stimulate scalp
layer clothes for extra warmth
inspect skin every time care is provided
observe for and report early signs of pressure ulcers
prevent pressure ulcers by turning/repositioning dependent resident at minimum every 2 hours; performing regular skin care, keeping skin clean and dry, keeping linens dry, clean, and wrinkle-free
using pillows to separate skin surfaces
do not massage any pressure ulcer area
pat skin dry never scrub

172
Q

common causes of pressure ulcers

A

shearing
moisture
friction
pressure

173
Q

10 pressure points on the human body

A 
elbows 
hips
shoulders
knees
ankles
heels
toes
back of head
back of neck
sacrum
174
Q

what can prevent pressure ulcers

A

turning a resident every 2 hours
keeping a resident clean and dry
keeping linens dry and clean

175
Q

turning upward

A

supination

176
Q

disease affects weigh-bearing joints, with aches, stiffness, limited motion

A

osteoarthritis

177
Q

connect muscle to bone

A

tendons

178
Q

stretched or torn ligaments or tendons

A

sprain

179
Q

involuntary muscle of the inner lining of organs

A

smooth muscles

180
Q

voluntary muscle that powers movement of the skeleton

A

skeletal muscles

181
Q

systemic, crippling disease causing deformities, with stiff, painful, swollen joints

A

rhematoid arthritis

182
Q

turning downward

A

pronation

183
Q

bending the foot downward at the ankle, also known as foot drop

A

plantar flexion

184
Q

spongy type of bone that breaks easily

A

osteoporosis

185
Q

disease affects weight bearing joints with aches stiffness, limited motion

A

osteoarthritis

186
Q

touching the thumb to a finger of the same hand

A

opposition

187
Q

system of the body that provides structure and movement for the body

A

musculoskeletal system

188
Q

structure of the body that powers movement of skeleton and helps body stay erect

A

muscles

189
Q

damage of the muscle caused by trauma

A

muscle strain

190
Q

muscle mass decreases in size

A

muscle atrophy

191
Q

connect bone to bone

A

ligaments

192
Q

points where bones meet and consist of cartilage and connective tissue that cushion the bones, allowing for movement of the area

A

joints

193
Q

moving a body part away from the midline

A

abduction

194
Q

moving a body part toward the midline

A

adduction

195
Q

removal of all or part of a limb

A

amputation

196
Q

inflammation of the joints

A

arthritis

197
Q

soft and spongy inside part of the bone

A

bone marrow

198
Q

hard and rigid structures that make up the skeleton and together form the framework of the body

A

bones

199
Q

involuntary muscle of the heart

A

cardiac muscle

200
Q

permanent shortening of muscle resulting in immovable joints

A

contractures

201
Q

bending the toes and foot upward at the ankle

A

dorsiflexion

202
Q

straightening a body part

A

extension

203
Q

turning the joint outward

A

outward rotation

204
Q

turning the joint inward

A

inward rotation

205
Q

break in the bone

A

fracture

206
Q

being a body part

A

flexion

207
Q

paralysis of the lower half of the body

A

paraplegic

208
Q

paralysis of the neck down

A

quadriplegic

209
Q

paralysis of one side of the body

A

hemiplegic

210
Q

inability to speak

A

aphasia

211
Q

how many vertebrae

A

24
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar

212
Q

gout

A

metabolic disease usually affecting the lower leg joints due to the inability of the body to metabolism of purines in foods

213
Q

example/ fxn of hinge joint

A

elbow, knee - allows movement in 1 direction

214
Q

example/fxn of ball and socket joint

A

hip, shoulder - allows movement in all directions

215
Q

example/fxn of pivot joint

A

skull to spine - side to side movement

216
Q

example/fxn of long bone

A

femur - bear weight

217
Q

example/fxn of short bone

A

phalanges - allow skill and ease of movement

218
Q

example/fxn of flat bone

A

ribs, skull - protects organs

219
Q

what does bone marrow store and make?

A

makes and store blood cells

220
Q

greenstick fracture

A

incomplete break

221
Q

synovial fluid is found

A

each joint is lines with a synovial membrane that secrets synovial fluid in the bursae

222
Q

fxn of the musculoskeletal system

A

provides structure and movement for the body

223
Q

changes due to aging are normal for the musculoskeletal system

A

pain with moving
slower muscle and nerve interaction
poorer response to stimuli
slowed recovery from position change and sudden movement causing decreased range of motion
muscles weaken and lose tone
bones lose density and become brittle
height decrease of 1 to 2 inches from age 20 to 70

224
Q

damage to the optic nerve caused by pressure

A

glaucoma

225
Q

not being able to hear normal range of sounds that can be heard with normal hearing

A

hearing loss

226
Q

structures that are made up of nerve cell or neurons that carry messages to and from the brain and to and from the rest of the body

A

nerves

227
Q

the control and message center of the body

A

neurological system

228
Q

nerve cells

A

neurons

229
Q

infection of the middle ear

A

otitis media

230
Q

progressive nervous disease due to destruction of brain cells

A

parkinson’s disease

231
Q

located in the skull and consists of 3 parts - cerebrum, cerebellum, and the brainstem

A

brain

232
Q

part of the brain that controls breathing, opening and closing of blood vessels, heart rate, swallowing, gagging, and coughing

A

brainstem

233
Q

damage to part of the brain due to blood clot or hemorrhage cutting blood supply off

A

cva

234
Q

when lens of eye becomes cloudy

A

cataract

235
Q

part of the brain located just below the cerebrum that controls balance and regulates movement

A

cerebellum

236
Q

loss of eyesight

A

blindness

237
Q

center of the brain where though and intelligence occur

A

cerebrum

238
Q

located within the spine, connected to the brain conducts messages between the brain and the body by pathways

A

spinal cord

239
Q

receive impulses from environment and relay impulses to brain including skin, tongue, nose, eyes, and ears

A

sensory organs

240
Q

hearing loss

A

deafness

241
Q

progressive loss of mental abilities, such as thinking, remembering, etch

A

dementia

242
Q

CNS

A

central nervous system

243
Q

largest part of the brain and has the 4 lobes

A

cerebrum

244
Q

function of the cerebrum

A

hearing, vision, sensation, volunatry movement

245
Q

S/S of parkinson’s disease

A

tremors of the hands
pill rolling
shuffled gait
muscular rigidity

246
Q

3 parts of the brainstem

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongatta

247
Q

two lower chambers of the heart

A

ventricles (2)

248
Q

the resting phase of the heart when the heart fills with blood

A

diastole

249
Q

blood vessels that carry blood with waste products away from the cells and to the heart

A

veins

250
Q

the pump of the cardiovascular system

A

heart

251
Q

the working phase of the heart when the heart is pumping blood to the body

A

systole

252
Q

high blood pressure

A

hypertension

253
Q

the beat of the heart felt at an artery, as a wave of blood passes through the artery

A

pulse

254
Q

a heart attack

A

MI Myocardial Infarction

255
Q

low red blood cell count

A

anemia

256
Q

a condition in which blood vessels in the coronary arteries narrow, lowering blood supply to heart and depriving it of oxygen

A

CAD coronary artery disease

257
Q

blood vessels that carry blood with oxygen and nutrients away from the heart

A

arteries

258
Q

also called the circulatory system and is the continuous movement of blood through the body

A

cardiovascular system

259
Q

two upper chambers of the heart

A

atria (2)

260
Q

consists of water (90%) blood cells, carbon dioxide, oxygen, nutrients, hormones, enzymes, waste products

A

blood

261
Q

englarged, twisted veins usually in the legs

A

varicose veins

262
Q

when one or both sides of the heart stop pumping effectively

A

CHF congestive heart failure

263
Q

fxn of the cardiovascular system

A

continuous movement of blood through the body

264
Q

normal changes due to aging in the cardiovascular system

A 
heart muscle less efficient
blood pumps with less force
arteries lose elasticity and become narrow
blood pressure increases
capillaries are more fragile - bruising
265
Q

what is the aorta

A

left ventricle pumps blood to aorta - the largest artery

266
Q

pathway of blood through the heart

A

Right atrium receives blood from 2 large veins (superior vena cava and inferior vena cava
Right ventricle receives blood from right atrium and pumps it to lungs through pulmonary artery
Left atrium receives oxygenerated blood from left and right pulmonary veins
Left ventricle pumps blood to aorta (largest artery), which delivers blood to all body parts except lungs

267
Q

fxn of red blood cells

A

erythrocytes carry O2

268
Q

fxn of white blood cells

A

leukocytes fight infection

269
Q

fxn of platelets

A

thrombrocytes blood cloting

270
Q

describe myocardial infarction

A

when the heart muscles doesn’t receive enough blood and lacks oxygen, causing damage or death tto that are of the heart

271
Q

describe angina pectoris

A

chest pain due to decreased blood flow and o2 to heart muscle

272
Q

embolus

A

thrombus that breaks loose and travels through blood stream

273
Q

thrombus

A

blood clot

274
Q

phlebitis

A

inflammation of the lining of the vein

275
Q

where is the mitral valve

A

mitral or bicuspid between left atrium and ventricle

276
Q

TIA

A

Transient ischemic attack or mini stroke with symptoms lasting less than 24 hours ?

277
Q

difficulty breathing

A

dyspnea

278
Q

irreversible damage to the lungs causing permanent holes in the lung tissue

A

emphysema

279
Q

a disease charaterized by difficulty breathing, wheezing, and a sense of tightness or constriction in the chest due to spasm of the muscles

A

asthma

280
Q

covers larynx when swallowing preventing food from going into airway

A

epiglotis

281
Q

emphysema, asthma, and chronic bronchitis and problems, related to these diseases

A

COPD

282
Q

changes in skin color, pale or bluish color of lips and extremities

A

cyanosis

283
Q

segments or areas of the lung

A

lobes

284
Q

involves the breathing of oxygen

A

inspiration

285
Q

when carbon dioxide is expelled out of the nose and the mouth from the lungs

A

exhale

286
Q

involves the breathing out of carbon dioxide

A

expiration

287
Q

when air (or oxygen) is pulled in through the nose and down into the lungs

A

inhale

288
Q

contagious respiratory disease caused by a virus

A

influenza

289
Q

consist of nose, mouth, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, and top of trachea

A

upper respiratory tract

290
Q

consist of lower trachea, bronchi, and lungs

A

lower respiratory tract

291
Q

closed cavity of the body that contain the structures needed for respirations, extending from the base of the neck to the diaphragm

A

thorax

292
Q

elastic, spongy, cone-shaped air filled structures involved in respiration

A

lungs

293
Q

involves the breathing in of oxygen (inspiration) and the breathing out of carbon dioxide (expiration)

A

respiratory system

294
Q

acute (sudden onset) inflammation of the lungs

A

pneumonia

295
Q

fxns of the respiratory system

A

as lung inhales, air or oxygen is pulled in through the nose and into pharynx, then into the larynx, down the trachea, into each of the 2 bronchi, then into the lungs; oxygen is exchanged with carbon dioxide at alveoli

carbon dioxide is exhaled from the lungs, into the bronchi, to the trachea, throguh the larynx, through the pharynx, and then out the nose

296
Q

normal changes due to aging in the respiratory system

A

respiratory muscles weaken
lung tissue gradually becomes less elastic
shortness of breath upon exertion
lung capacity decreases
oxygen in the blood decreases
muscles of the diaphragm become weaker
limited expansion of the chest due to changes in posture

297
Q

separates the chest and abdomen

A

diaphragm

298
Q

Nurse aide’s role cardiovascualr system

A

provide rest periods at intervals
encourage exercise, regular movement; range of motion, when inactive
prevent resident form tiring
layer clothing to help with warmth

299
Q

apnea

A

no breathing

300
Q

hypoxia

A

decreased O2 in cells

301
Q

hypoxemia

A

decreased O2 in blood

302
Q

dyspnea

A

difficulty breathing

303
Q

larynx

A

voicebox

304
Q

pharynx

A

throat

305
Q

trachea

A

windpipe

306
Q

pharyngitis

A

inflammation of the pharynx

307
Q

tuberculosis

A

airborne infectious bacterial disease mainly affecting the lungs

308
Q

tubular shaped stool passed from the rectum

A

feces

309
Q

passage of air or gas

A

flatus

310
Q

difficulty swallowing or chewing

A

dysphagia

311
Q

air or gas in the stomach or intestines

A

flatulence

312
Q

located where small and large intestine meet

A

appendix

313
Q

upper GI structure located in the back of the throat

A

pharynx

314
Q

lower GI structures. One has three parts duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

A

intestines

315
Q

enlarged veins in the anal area

A

hemorrhoids

316
Q

difficulty in expelling feces, incomplete, or infrequent bowel movements hard stool inability to pass a stool

A

constipation

317
Q

liquid stool

A

diarrhea

318
Q

inflammation of the stomach and intestine lining

A

gastroenteritis

319
Q

the food tube between the throat and the stomach

A

esophagus

320
Q

also known as the digestive system, extends from the mouth to the anus, and responsible for digestion and elimination

A

GI system

321
Q

what are the functions of the gastrointestinal system

A

digestion and elimination

322
Q

where is the stomach located

A

upper gi

323
Q

where is bile formed and stored

A

liver and gall bladder

324
Q

function of the bile

A

breaks down fat

325
Q

where is pepsin secreted and what does it do

A

stomach - degrades food proteins into peptides

326
Q

series of wave like muscle contractions that moves food to different processing stations in the digestive tract

A

peristalsis

327
Q

3 parts of the small intestine

A

duodenum, jejunm, ileum

328
Q

normal changes due to agin in the gi system

A

decreased number of taste buds
slowing of peristalsis causing constipation
taste and smell altered
loss of bowel muscle tone, loss of sphincter muscle tone
loss of teeth
decrease in appetite
decrease in saliva causing difficulty chewing and wallowing
decreased in digestive enzymes

329
Q

inflammation of kidney due to infection

A

nephritis

330
Q

decreased ability to filter waste products

A

kidney failure

331
Q

blood in the urine

A

hematuria

332
Q

painful urination

A

dysuria

333
Q

paired organs responsible for filtering waste products from the blood and producing urine

A

kidneys

334
Q

inability to completely empty the bladder

A

retention

335
Q

the filtering system of the body, responsible for ridding body of waste products from teh blood and producing urine

A

kidneys

336
Q

a tube located between the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

A

urethra

337
Q

narrow tubes that connect the kidneys to the urinary bladder

A

ureters

338
Q

is a urinary tract infection

A

UTI

339
Q

kidney or bladder stones

A

calculi

340
Q

inability to control urination

A

urinary incontinence

341
Q

inflammation of bladder due to infection

A

cystitis

342
Q

muscular sac that stores the urine until it passes from the body

A

urinary bladder

343
Q

made up of water, salt, and waste substance

A

urine

344
Q

fxns of the urinary system

A

filtering system of the body, responsible for ridding body of waste products from blood

345
Q

part of the urinary system is responsible for producing urine

A

kidneys

346
Q

what is the daily urine output for the average adults

A

100 to 1500 ml per day

347
Q

guards opening of the urethra

A

sphincter muscle

348
Q

inflammation of kidneys due to infection

A

nephritis

349
Q

normal changes due to aging in the urinary system

A

decreased kidneys size and ability to filter blood
decreased capacity, elasticity, muscle tone of bladder
decreased ability to concentrate urine
enlargement of prostate in males
difficulty or incomplete emptying of bladder

350
Q

a system allows human beings to create a new hman life

A

reproductive system

351
Q

weakening of wall between urethra and vagina, which leads to urinary incontinence

A

cystocele

352
Q

enlargement of prostrate gland, a donut - shaped structure around the male urethra, leading to urinary dysfunction

A

prostatic hypertrophy

353
Q

reporoductive structures produce sperm and testosterone

A

testes

354
Q

fluid that carries the sperm cells outside teh body

A

semen

355
Q

sperm leave teh body through

A

urethra

356
Q

high blood sugar

A

hyperglycemia

357
Q

too little thyroxin

A

hypothyroidism

358
Q

secrete chemicals, called hormones that regulate bodily function

A

glands

359
Q

balance

A

homeostasis

360
Q

master gland

A

pituitary

361
Q

disorder of carbohydrate metabolism with decreased insulin production from the pancreas

A

diabetes mellitus

362
Q

too much thyroxin

A

hyperthyroidism

363
Q

gland associated with metabolism

A

thyroid

364
Q

system of glands that secrete chemical directly into the bloodstream to regulate body functions

A

endocrine system

365
Q

produces insulin

A

islets of langehans in the pancreas

366
Q

low blood sugar

A

hypoglycemia

367
Q

when immune system attacks tissues causing redness, pain, swelling and damage

A

lupus

368
Q

fxns of the endocrine system

A

secrete chemicals directly into the bloodstream to regulate body fxns

369
Q

normal changes in the endocrine system due to aging

A

levels of hormones decreased
insulin production decreased
body is less capable to deal with stress

370
Q

no insulin is secreted, sudden onset, usually affects children and young adults

A

Type 1 IDDM

371
Q

not enough insulin, overweight, usually over 35

A

Type 2 IDDM

372
Q

normal blood glucose level range

A

70-110

373
Q

s/s of hypoglycemia

A 
hunger
weakness
trembling/shakiness
headache
dizziness
faintness
rapid pulse
low bp
confusion
rapid and shallow respirations
clumsy or jerky movements
cold clammy skin +
confusion
unconsciousness
insulin shock
374
Q

s/s of hyperglycemia

A 
hunger
thirst +
weakness
very dry mouth +
frequent urination +
drowsiness +
leg cramps
flushed face +
sweet breath odor +
slow deep labored respirations
rapid, weak pulse
headache
diabetic coma
convulsions
nausea vomiting
375
Q

system defends threats both inside and outside the body

A

immune system

376
Q

immune system attacks thyroid gland which causes it to secrete more thyroid hormone

A

grave’s disease

377
Q

disease caused by a virus and attacks the immune system and destroys infection - fighting and cancer fighting cells of the body

A

AIDS

378
Q

fxns of the immune system

A

protects teh body from harmful infection causing germs, provide immunity from certain diseases

379
Q

normal changes of the immune system due to aging

A

immune system weakens and person is more prone to getting infections
person’s immune system may attack itself causing disease

Nurse Aide 1 (36 decks)

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