Module H: Definitions Flashcards
Cell Theory
basic unit of all living tissues or organisms, all living organisms made of cells, and cellular function is essential process of living things
Cells
are building blocks of the human body and when combined, are said to form tissue need food, water, and oxygen to live and function
Cells
are building blocks of the human body and when combined, are said to form tissue need food, water, and oxygen to live & function
Metastasis
cancer spread to other parts of body
Organ
made of tissue, may be several different types of tissue that carry on a special function, and combine to form a system
Organism
made up of systems functioning together to perform activities of daily living needed for continued life. Examples of organisms: humans, trees, cats, and ladybugs
Organelle
carry on work of cell
System
made of groups of several organs functioning together for a specific purpose or purposes
Tissue
cells grouped together to carry out a particular activity or function; when grouped together, tissues become organs
Bondy Prominences
areas of body where bone is close to the skin, such as elbows, shoulder blades, sacrum
Dermatitis
inflammation of skin
Dermis
layer of skin under the epidermis contains, hair & nail follicles, sweat & oil glands, blood vessels, nerves, & touch receptors
Eczema
red, itchy areas on the surface of skin
Epidermis
outer layer of skin containing melanin, nerve endings, but no blood vessels
Fiction
2 surfaces rub together
Integumentary System
the skin; the largest organ and system in the body, responsible
for providing a natural protective covering of the body
Melanin
found in epidermis gives the skin primary color
Pressure Points
points where the body bears much of the weight
Pressure Ulcers (pressure sore, decubitus ulcer, bed sore)
a serious wound caused by
poor circulation, resulting from pressure
Shearing
skin moves in one direction and underneath tissue remains fixed
Abduction
moving a body part away from the midline
Adduction
moving a body part toward the midline
Amputation
removal of all or part of a limb
Arthritis
inflammation of the joints
Bone Marrow
soft and spongy inside part of the bone
Bones
hard and rigid structures that make up the skeleton and together form the framework of the body
Cardiac Muscle
involuntary muscle of the heart
Contracture
permanent shortening of muscle resulting in immovable joints
Dorsiflexion
bending the toes and foot upward at the ankle
Extension
straightening a body part
External Rotation
turning the joint outward
Flexion
bending a body part
Fracture
break in the bone
Internal Rotation
turning the joint inward
Joints
point where bones meet and consist of cartilage and connective tissue that cushion the bones, allowing for movement of the area
Ligaments
connect bone to bone
Muscle Atrophy
muscle mass decreases in size
Muscle Strain
damage of the muscle caused by trauma
Muscles
structure of the body that powers movement of skeleton and helps body stay erect
Musculoskeletal System
system of the body that provides structure and movement
for the body
Opposition
touching the thumb to a finger of the same hand
Osteoarthritis
disease affects weight-bearing joints, with aches, stiffness, limited motion
Osteoporosis
spongy type of bone that breaks easily
Plantar Flexion
bending the foot downward at the ankle
Pronation
turning downward
Rheumatoid Arthritis
systemic, crippling disease causing deformities, with stiff,
painful, swollen joints
Skeletal Muscle
voluntary muscle that powers movement of the skeleton
Smooth Muscle
involuntary muscle of the inner linings of organs
Sprain
stretched or torn ligaments or tendons
Supination
turning upward
Tendons
connect muscle to bone
Blindness
loss of eyesight
Brain
located in the skull and consists of three parts – cerebrum, cerebellum, and the brainstem
Brainstem
part of the brain that controls breathing, opening and closing of blood vessels, heart rate, swallowing, gagging, and coughing
CVA (or stroke) cerebro vascular accident
damage to part of brain due to blood clot or
hemorrhage cutting blood supply off
Cataract
when lens of eye becomes cloudy
Cerebellum
part of the brain located just below the cerebrum that controls balance and regulates movement
Cerebrum
center of the brain where thought and intelligence occur
Deafness
hearing loss
Dementia
progressive loss of mental abilities, such as thinking, remembering, etc
Glaucoma
damage to optic nerve caused by pressure
Hearing Loss
not being able to hear normal range of sounds that can be heard with normal hearing
Nerves
structures that are made up of nerve cells or neurons that carry messages to and from the brain and to and from the rest of the body
Neurological System
the control and message center of the body
Neurons
nerve cells
Otitis Media
infection of the middle ear
Parkinson’s disease
progressive nervous disease due to destruction of brain cells
Sensory Organs
receive impulses from environment and relay impulses to brain including skin, tongue, nose, eyes, and ears
Spinal Cord
located within the spine, connected to the brain and conducts messages between the brain and the body by pathways
Anemia
low red blood cell count
Arteries
blood vessels that carry blood with oxygen and nutrients away from the heart and to the cells
Atria (right and left)
two upper chambers of the heart
Blood
consists of water (90%), blood cells, carbon dioxide, oxygen, nutrients, hormones, enzymes, waste products
Cardiovascular System
also called the circulatory system and is the continuous movement of blood though the body
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
when one or both sides of the heart stop pumping effectively
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
a condition in which blood vessels in the coronary arteries narrow, lowering blood supply to the heart and depriving it of oxygen
Diastole
the resting phase of the heart when the heart fills with blood; the bottom number of a blood pressure reading
Heart
the pump of the cardiovascular system
Hypertension
high blood pressure
Myocardial Infarction (MI)
a heart attack; a condition where the heart muscle does not receive enough blood and lacks oxygen, causing damage or death to that area of the heart
Pulse
is the beat of the heart felt at an artery, as a wave of blood passes through the artery; is the numbers of heart beats per minute
Systole
the working phase of the heart when the heart is pumping blood to the body; the top number of a blood pressure reading
Varicose Veins
enlarged, twisted veins usually in the legs
Veins
blood vessels that carry blood with waste products away from the cells and to the heart
Ventricles (Right and Left)
two lower chambers of the heart
Asthma
a disease characterized by difficulty breathing, wheezing, and a sense of tightness or constriction in the chest due to spasm of the muscles
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Emphysema, asthma, and chronic bronchitis and problems related to these diseases
Cyanosis
changes in skin color, pale or bluish color of lips and extremities
Dyspnea
difficulty breathing
Emphysema
irreversible damage to the lungs causing permanent holes in the lung
tissues
Epiglottis
covers larynx when swallowing preventing food from going into airway
Exhale
when carbon dioxide is expelled out of nose and the mouth from the lungs
Expiration
involves the breathing out of carbon dioxide
Influenza
contagious respiratory disease caused by a virus
Inhale
when air (or oxygen) is pulled in through the nose and down into the lungs
Inspiration
involves the breathing in of oxygen
lobes
segments or areas of the lung
Lower Respiratory Tract
consists of lower trachea, bronchi, and lungs
Lungs
elastic, spongy, cone-shaped air-filled structures involved in respiration
Pneumonia
acute (sudden onset) inflammation of the lungs
Respiratory System
involves the breathing in of oxygen (inspiration) and the breathing out of carbon dioxide (expiration)
Thorax
closed cavity of the body that contain the structures needed for respiration, extending from the base of the neck to the diaphragm
Upper Respiratory Tract
consists of nose, mouth, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, and top of trachea
Appendix
located where small & large intestine meet – no know function
Constipation
difficulty in expelling feces, incomplete, or infrequent bowel movements
hard stool/inability to pass a stool
Diarrhea
liquid stool
Esophagus
the food tube of the body between the throat and the stomach
Feces
tubular shaped stool passed from the rectum
Gastrointestinal System
also known as the digestive system, extends from the mouth to the anus, and responsible for digestion and elimination
Hemorrhoids
enlarged veins in anal area
Intestines (Small and Large)
lower GI structures. The small intestine has 3 parts duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
Pharynx
upper GI structure located in the back of the throat
Gastroenteritis
inflammation of the stomach and intestines lining
Calculi
kidney or bladder stones
Cystitis
inflammation of bladder due to infection
Dysuria
painful urination
Hematuria
blood in the urine
Kidney Failure
decreased ability to filter waste products
kidneys
paired organs responsible for filtering waste products from the blood and producing urine
Nephritis
inflammation of kidney due to infection
Retention
inability to completely empty the bladder
UTI
urinary tract infection
Ureters
narrow tubes that connect the kidneys to the urinary bladder
Urethra
a tube located between the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
Urinary Bladder
muscular sac that stores the urine until it passes from the body
Urinary Incontinence
inability to control urination
Urinary System
the filtering system of the body, responsible for ridding body of waste products from blood
Urine
made up of water, salt, and waste substances
Cystocele
weakening of wall between urethra and vagina, which leads to urinary incontinence?
Prostatic Hypertrophy
enlargement of prostate gland, a donut-shaped structure around the male urethra, leading to urinary dysfunction
Reproductive system
system allows human beings to create a new human life
Diabetes Mellitus
disorder of carbohydrate metabolism with decreased insulin production from the pancreas
Endocrine System
system of glands that secrete chemicals directly into the bloodstream to regulate body functions
Glands
secrete chemicals, called hormones that regulate bodily function
Homeostatis
balance
Hyperthyroidism
too much thyroxin
Hypothyroidism
too little thyroxin
AIDS
disease caused by a virus and attacks the immune system and destroys infection-fighting and cancer-fighting cells of the body
Graves Disease
immune system attacks thyroid gland which causes it to secrete more thyroid hormone
Immune System
system defends threats both inside and outside the body
Lupus
when immune system attacks tissues causing redness, pain, swelling, and damage
List the 7 warning signs of cancer.
Change in bowel or bladder habits
A sore that does not heal
Unusual bleeding or discharge from any body opening
Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere
Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing
Obvious change in a wart or mole
Nagging cough or hoarseness
Each lung is covered by a sac called the
pleura
the meninges is the protective covering of the
spinal cord and brain
the body has four cavities
cranial
thoracic
abdominal
pelvic
Organs of the cranial cavity
brain and 12 cranial nerves
Organs of the Thoracic cavity
lungs, heart, esophagus
Organs of the Abdominal cavity
stomach, liver, kidneys, pancreas, spleen, gall bladder, small and most of the large intestines
Organs of the Pelvic cavity
reproductive organs, lower colon, and rectum
2 surfaces rub together
friction
red, itching areas on the surface of the skin
eczema
outer layer of skin containing melanin, nerve endings, but no blood vessels
epidermis
areas of the body where bone is close to the skin, such as elbows, shoulder blades, sacrum
bony prominences
points where the body bears much of the weight
pressure points
a serious wound caused by poor circulation, resulting from pressure
pressure ulcers
found in epidermis gives the skin primary color
melanin
layer of skin under the epidermis contains hair and nail follicles, seat & oil glands, blood vessels, nerves, and touch receptors
dermis
inflammation of skin
dermatitis
the skin; the largest organ and system in the body responsible for providing a natural protective covering of the body
integumentary system
skin moves in one direction and underneath tissue remains fixed
shearing
what changes due to aging are normal for the integumentary system
nails harden and become more brittle
folds, line, wrinkles, brown spots (liver spots)
development of skin tags, warts, moles
reduced circulation to skin resulting dryness and itching
what is the function of the integumentary system
protect body from injury and pathogens
regulates body temperature
eliminates waste through perspiration
stores fat and vitamins
Describe stage 1 of pressure ulcers
skin is intact, red, darkened, or non-blanchable, still present after 30 minutes relieved
Describe stage 2 of pressure ulcers
addition of blister like lesions; thickness skin loss involving the epidermis and dermis
Describe stage 3 of pressure ulcers
full thickness skin loss; infection and eschar (scab) may result
Describe stage 4 of pressure ulcers
skin, fatty tissue destroyed, muscle and bone involved
psoriasis
chronic inflammatory noncontagious, excessive reproduction of epidermal cells, causing circular patches which are scaly and itch
shingles
viral infection caused by varicella zoster
impetigo
a contagious skin infection
gangrene
necrosis of tissue cells due to blockage of blood supply to an area, or blockage from disease or direct injury
What should NA’s remember when caring for older adults
older adults do not need complete bed baths every day (a couple of times a week, supplemented with sponge baths on non-bath days)
older adults often need lotion for moisture
be gentle with movement and care because of fragility of skin
gently brush hair daily to stimulate scalp
layer clothes for extra warmth
inspect skin every time care is provided
observe for and report early signs of pressure ulcers
prevent pressure ulcers by turning/repositioning dependent resident at minimum every 2 hours; performing regular skin care, keeping skin clean and dry, keeping linens dry, clean, and wrinkle-free
using pillows to separate skin surfaces
do not massage any pressure ulcer area
pat skin dry never scrub
common causes of pressure ulcers
shearing
moisture
friction
pressure
10 pressure points on the human body
elbows hips shoulders knees ankles heels toes back of head back of neck sacrum
what can prevent pressure ulcers
turning a resident every 2 hours
keeping a resident clean and dry
keeping linens dry and clean
turning upward
supination
disease affects weigh-bearing joints, with aches, stiffness, limited motion
osteoarthritis
connect muscle to bone
tendons
stretched or torn ligaments or tendons
sprain
involuntary muscle of the inner lining of organs
smooth muscles
voluntary muscle that powers movement of the skeleton
skeletal muscles
systemic, crippling disease causing deformities, with stiff, painful, swollen joints
rhematoid arthritis
turning downward
pronation
bending the foot downward at the ankle, also known as foot drop
plantar flexion
spongy type of bone that breaks easily
osteoporosis
disease affects weight bearing joints with aches stiffness, limited motion
osteoarthritis
touching the thumb to a finger of the same hand
opposition
system of the body that provides structure and movement for the body
musculoskeletal system
structure of the body that powers movement of skeleton and helps body stay erect
muscles
damage of the muscle caused by trauma
muscle strain
muscle mass decreases in size
muscle atrophy
connect bone to bone
ligaments
points where bones meet and consist of cartilage and connective tissue that cushion the bones, allowing for movement of the area
joints
moving a body part away from the midline
abduction
moving a body part toward the midline
adduction
removal of all or part of a limb
amputation
inflammation of the joints
arthritis
soft and spongy inside part of the bone
bone marrow
hard and rigid structures that make up the skeleton and together form the framework of the body
bones
involuntary muscle of the heart
cardiac muscle
permanent shortening of muscle resulting in immovable joints
contractures
bending the toes and foot upward at the ankle
dorsiflexion
straightening a body part
extension
turning the joint outward
outward rotation
turning the joint inward
inward rotation
break in the bone
fracture
being a body part
flexion
paralysis of the lower half of the body
paraplegic
paralysis of the neck down
quadriplegic
paralysis of one side of the body
hemiplegic
inability to speak
aphasia
how many vertebrae
24
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
gout
metabolic disease usually affecting the lower leg joints due to the inability of the body to metabolism of purines in foods
example/ fxn of hinge joint
elbow, knee - allows movement in 1 direction
example/fxn of ball and socket joint
hip, shoulder - allows movement in all directions
example/fxn of pivot joint
skull to spine - side to side movement
example/fxn of long bone
femur - bear weight
example/fxn of short bone
phalanges - allow skill and ease of movement
example/fxn of flat bone
ribs, skull - protects organs
what does bone marrow store and make?
makes and store blood cells
greenstick fracture
incomplete break
synovial fluid is found
each joint is lines with a synovial membrane that secrets synovial fluid in the bursae
fxn of the musculoskeletal system
provides structure and movement for the body
changes due to aging are normal for the musculoskeletal system
pain with moving
slower muscle and nerve interaction
poorer response to stimuli
slowed recovery from position change and sudden movement causing decreased range of motion
muscles weaken and lose tone
bones lose density and become brittle
height decrease of 1 to 2 inches from age 20 to 70
damage to the optic nerve caused by pressure
glaucoma
not being able to hear normal range of sounds that can be heard with normal hearing
hearing loss
structures that are made up of nerve cell or neurons that carry messages to and from the brain and to and from the rest of the body
nerves
the control and message center of the body
neurological system
nerve cells
neurons
infection of the middle ear
otitis media
progressive nervous disease due to destruction of brain cells
parkinson’s disease
located in the skull and consists of 3 parts - cerebrum, cerebellum, and the brainstem
brain
part of the brain that controls breathing, opening and closing of blood vessels, heart rate, swallowing, gagging, and coughing
brainstem
damage to part of the brain due to blood clot or hemorrhage cutting blood supply off
cva
when lens of eye becomes cloudy
cataract
part of the brain located just below the cerebrum that controls balance and regulates movement
cerebellum
loss of eyesight
blindness
center of the brain where though and intelligence occur
cerebrum
located within the spine, connected to the brain conducts messages between the brain and the body by pathways
spinal cord
receive impulses from environment and relay impulses to brain including skin, tongue, nose, eyes, and ears
sensory organs
hearing loss
deafness
progressive loss of mental abilities, such as thinking, remembering, etch
dementia
CNS
central nervous system
largest part of the brain and has the 4 lobes
cerebrum
function of the cerebrum
hearing, vision, sensation, volunatry movement
S/S of parkinson’s disease
tremors of the hands
pill rolling
shuffled gait
muscular rigidity
3 parts of the brainstem
midbrain
pons
medulla oblongatta
two lower chambers of the heart
ventricles (2)
the resting phase of the heart when the heart fills with blood
diastole
blood vessels that carry blood with waste products away from the cells and to the heart
veins
the pump of the cardiovascular system
heart
the working phase of the heart when the heart is pumping blood to the body
systole
high blood pressure
hypertension
the beat of the heart felt at an artery, as a wave of blood passes through the artery
pulse
a heart attack
MI Myocardial Infarction
low red blood cell count
anemia
a condition in which blood vessels in the coronary arteries narrow, lowering blood supply to heart and depriving it of oxygen
CAD coronary artery disease
blood vessels that carry blood with oxygen and nutrients away from the heart
arteries
also called the circulatory system and is the continuous movement of blood through the body
cardiovascular system
two upper chambers of the heart
atria (2)
consists of water (90%) blood cells, carbon dioxide, oxygen, nutrients, hormones, enzymes, waste products
blood
englarged, twisted veins usually in the legs
varicose veins
when one or both sides of the heart stop pumping effectively
CHF congestive heart failure
fxn of the cardiovascular system
continuous movement of blood through the body
normal changes due to aging in the cardiovascular system
heart muscle less efficient blood pumps with less force arteries lose elasticity and become narrow blood pressure increases capillaries are more fragile - bruising
what is the aorta
left ventricle pumps blood to aorta - the largest artery
pathway of blood through the heart
Right atrium receives blood from 2 large veins (superior vena cava and inferior vena cava
Right ventricle receives blood from right atrium and pumps it to lungs through pulmonary artery
Left atrium receives oxygenerated blood from left and right pulmonary veins
Left ventricle pumps blood to aorta (largest artery), which delivers blood to all body parts except lungs
fxn of red blood cells
erythrocytes carry O2
fxn of white blood cells
leukocytes fight infection
fxn of platelets
thrombrocytes blood cloting
describe myocardial infarction
when the heart muscles doesn’t receive enough blood and lacks oxygen, causing damage or death tto that are of the heart
describe angina pectoris
chest pain due to decreased blood flow and o2 to heart muscle
embolus
thrombus that breaks loose and travels through blood stream
thrombus
blood clot
phlebitis
inflammation of the lining of the vein
where is the mitral valve
mitral or bicuspid between left atrium and ventricle
TIA
Transient ischemic attack or mini stroke with symptoms lasting less than 24 hours ?
difficulty breathing
dyspnea
irreversible damage to the lungs causing permanent holes in the lung tissue
emphysema
a disease charaterized by difficulty breathing, wheezing, and a sense of tightness or constriction in the chest due to spasm of the muscles
asthma
covers larynx when swallowing preventing food from going into airway
epiglotis
emphysema, asthma, and chronic bronchitis and problems, related to these diseases
COPD
changes in skin color, pale or bluish color of lips and extremities
cyanosis
segments or areas of the lung
lobes
involves the breathing of oxygen
inspiration
when carbon dioxide is expelled out of the nose and the mouth from the lungs
exhale
involves the breathing out of carbon dioxide
expiration
when air (or oxygen) is pulled in through the nose and down into the lungs
inhale
contagious respiratory disease caused by a virus
influenza
consist of nose, mouth, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, and top of trachea
upper respiratory tract
consist of lower trachea, bronchi, and lungs
lower respiratory tract
closed cavity of the body that contain the structures needed for respirations, extending from the base of the neck to the diaphragm
thorax
elastic, spongy, cone-shaped air filled structures involved in respiration
lungs
involves the breathing in of oxygen (inspiration) and the breathing out of carbon dioxide (expiration)
respiratory system
acute (sudden onset) inflammation of the lungs
pneumonia
fxns of the respiratory system
as lung inhales, air or oxygen is pulled in through the nose and into pharynx, then into the larynx, down the trachea, into each of the 2 bronchi, then into the lungs; oxygen is exchanged with carbon dioxide at alveoli
carbon dioxide is exhaled from the lungs, into the bronchi, to the trachea, throguh the larynx, through the pharynx, and then out the nose
normal changes due to aging in the respiratory system
respiratory muscles weaken
lung tissue gradually becomes less elastic
shortness of breath upon exertion
lung capacity decreases
oxygen in the blood decreases
muscles of the diaphragm become weaker
limited expansion of the chest due to changes in posture
separates the chest and abdomen
diaphragm
Nurse aide’s role cardiovascualr system
provide rest periods at intervals
encourage exercise, regular movement; range of motion, when inactive
prevent resident form tiring
layer clothing to help with warmth
apnea
no breathing
hypoxia
decreased O2 in cells
hypoxemia
decreased O2 in blood
dyspnea
difficulty breathing
larynx
voicebox
pharynx
throat
trachea
windpipe
pharyngitis
inflammation of the pharynx
tuberculosis
airborne infectious bacterial disease mainly affecting the lungs
tubular shaped stool passed from the rectum
feces
passage of air or gas
flatus
difficulty swallowing or chewing
dysphagia
air or gas in the stomach or intestines
flatulence
located where small and large intestine meet
appendix
upper GI structure located in the back of the throat
pharynx
lower GI structures. One has three parts duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
intestines
enlarged veins in the anal area
hemorrhoids
difficulty in expelling feces, incomplete, or infrequent bowel movements hard stool inability to pass a stool
constipation
liquid stool
diarrhea
inflammation of the stomach and intestine lining
gastroenteritis
the food tube between the throat and the stomach
esophagus
also known as the digestive system, extends from the mouth to the anus, and responsible for digestion and elimination
GI system
what are the functions of the gastrointestinal system
digestion and elimination
where is the stomach located
upper gi
where is bile formed and stored
liver and gall bladder
function of the bile
breaks down fat
where is pepsin secreted and what does it do
stomach - degrades food proteins into peptides
series of wave like muscle contractions that moves food to different processing stations in the digestive tract
peristalsis
3 parts of the small intestine
duodenum, jejunm, ileum
normal changes due to agin in the gi system
decreased number of taste buds
slowing of peristalsis causing constipation
taste and smell altered
loss of bowel muscle tone, loss of sphincter muscle tone
loss of teeth
decrease in appetite
decrease in saliva causing difficulty chewing and wallowing
decreased in digestive enzymes
inflammation of kidney due to infection
nephritis
decreased ability to filter waste products
kidney failure
blood in the urine
hematuria
painful urination
dysuria
paired organs responsible for filtering waste products from the blood and producing urine
kidneys
inability to completely empty the bladder
retention
the filtering system of the body, responsible for ridding body of waste products from teh blood and producing urine
kidneys
a tube located between the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
urethra
narrow tubes that connect the kidneys to the urinary bladder
ureters
is a urinary tract infection
UTI
kidney or bladder stones
calculi
inability to control urination
urinary incontinence
inflammation of bladder due to infection
cystitis
muscular sac that stores the urine until it passes from the body
urinary bladder
made up of water, salt, and waste substance
urine
fxns of the urinary system
filtering system of the body, responsible for ridding body of waste products from blood
part of the urinary system is responsible for producing urine
kidneys
what is the daily urine output for the average adults
100 to 1500 ml per day
guards opening of the urethra
sphincter muscle
inflammation of kidneys due to infection
nephritis
normal changes due to aging in the urinary system
decreased kidneys size and ability to filter blood
decreased capacity, elasticity, muscle tone of bladder
decreased ability to concentrate urine
enlargement of prostate in males
difficulty or incomplete emptying of bladder
a system allows human beings to create a new hman life
reproductive system
weakening of wall between urethra and vagina, which leads to urinary incontinence
cystocele
enlargement of prostrate gland, a donut - shaped structure around the male urethra, leading to urinary dysfunction
prostatic hypertrophy
reporoductive structures produce sperm and testosterone
testes
fluid that carries the sperm cells outside teh body
semen
sperm leave teh body through
urethra
high blood sugar
hyperglycemia
too little thyroxin
hypothyroidism
secrete chemicals, called hormones that regulate bodily function
glands
balance
homeostasis
master gland
pituitary
disorder of carbohydrate metabolism with decreased insulin production from the pancreas
diabetes mellitus
too much thyroxin
hyperthyroidism
gland associated with metabolism
thyroid
system of glands that secrete chemical directly into the bloodstream to regulate body functions
endocrine system
produces insulin
islets of langehans in the pancreas
low blood sugar
hypoglycemia
when immune system attacks tissues causing redness, pain, swelling and damage
lupus
fxns of the endocrine system
secrete chemicals directly into the bloodstream to regulate body fxns
normal changes in the endocrine system due to aging
levels of hormones decreased
insulin production decreased
body is less capable to deal with stress
no insulin is secreted, sudden onset, usually affects children and young adults
Type 1 IDDM
not enough insulin, overweight, usually over 35
Type 2 IDDM
normal blood glucose level range
70-110
s/s of hypoglycemia
hunger weakness trembling/shakiness headache dizziness faintness rapid pulse low bp confusion rapid and shallow respirations clumsy or jerky movements cold clammy skin + confusion unconsciousness insulin shock
s/s of hyperglycemia
hunger thirst + weakness very dry mouth + frequent urination + drowsiness + leg cramps flushed face + sweet breath odor + slow deep labored respirations rapid, weak pulse headache diabetic coma convulsions nausea vomiting
system defends threats both inside and outside the body
immune system
immune system attacks thyroid gland which causes it to secrete more thyroid hormone
grave’s disease
disease caused by a virus and attacks the immune system and destroys infection - fighting and cancer fighting cells of the body
AIDS
fxns of the immune system
protects teh body from harmful infection causing germs, provide immunity from certain diseases
normal changes of the immune system due to aging
immune system weakens and person is more prone to getting infections
person’s immune system may attack itself causing disease
