Module Fourteen Flashcards
On the primary fixed disk, one of the partitions must be made active. What is an active partition used for?
It’s used by the computer to boot.
What’s another term for active partition?
System partition.
Is the system partition hid from File Explorer and is it allocated a drive letter?
Yes it’s hidden, no it doesn’t allocate a drive letter.
What’s a drive letter?
Each partition on a hard drive has a letter assigned to it.
What letter is the “boot partition” usually assigned?
C
Each partition can be formatted with a different file system. In Windows there are two choices of file systems. What are they?
- FAT, 2. NTFS.
What does FAT stand for?
File Allocation Table
What does NTFS stand for?
New Technology File System
FAT is on older version of Windows. Why was it preserved?
Compatability.
How many bits is FAT?
32
What is FAT’s maximum file size and what is it’s maximum partition size?
4GB, 32GB
What are 5 benefits of NTFS?
- File level security
- Compression
- Encryption
- More Stable
- More Secure
How many bits is NTFS?
64
Maximum size of NTFS partitions?
2TB
What does UDF stand for?
Universal Disk Format
What format offers the best legacy drive compatibility for older CD’s?
ISO 9660 or CDFS
GiB stands for what?
gibibyte
Why use GiB instead of GB?
GiB is for storage and GB is for data transfer rate
How many times can recordable media be written ?
once
What does rewritable media support?
It supports deleting and adding files.
In order to make a disc fully compatible with a consumer DVD what must happen?
The session must be closed, when done writing media.
Most Linux distributions use some version of what file system to partition on hdd’s?
ext
How many bits is the ext3 file system?
64
ext3 supports journaling. What does that mean?
The file system tracks changes, giving better reliability and less chance of file corruption in the event of crashes or power outages.
What is the main difference between ext2 and ext3?
Support for journaling.
Which delivers the better performance and is the better choice for new systems? ext3 or ext4?
ext4
If NTFS are not feasible what file system can be used?
exFAT
What are the two apple file systems?
HFS+ and APFS
What does HFS+ stand for?
Hierarchical File System
What does APFS stand for?
Apple File System
Old file names where limited to how many characters? and how many characters are the limit now?
8 and 255
Does FAT32 support Compression?
NO
Does NTFS support Compression?
Yes
Does HFS+ support Compression?
Yes
Does ext4 support Compression?
Yes
Max file size of NTFS?
16ExaBytes
Max file size of HFS+?
8EB
Max file size of ext4?
16TTB
Max volume size of FAT32?
8TB
Max volume size of NTFS?
16EB
Max volume size of HFS+?
8EB
What is the max volume size of ext4?
1EB
What does EB stand for?
exabyte = 1000 petabyte, peta = 1000 TB
What is the purpose of a drive?
To store files.
What is the means of organizing files on each drive to make them easier to find?
Folders
The first level of the hierarchy folders is called what?
Root folder
When is the “root folder” created?
When the drive is formatted.
How is the root folder identified?
By the drive label and a backslash.
What’s the root folder of C?
C:/
When Windows is installed a default folder structure is created on what partition?
The boot partition.
A default installation creates what three system folders?
- Windows
- Program Files
- Users
The Windows system folder is the “system root”. It contains most of the applications and utilities used to manage and configure Windows. What’s it called?
System32
What are “program files”?
Subfolders for installed applications software.
What are “user files”?
Storage for users’ profile settings and data.
What are Folders called in Linux?
Directories
Everything available to the Linux OS is represented as a file in the file system, including devices. What is this referred to as?
Unified File System
There is no concept of “drive letters” in Linux. Everything is represented through what?
The file system.
What are the two top-level categories show in Windows Explorer navigation pane?
- Quick Access
- Desktop
What four shortcuts show under the Quick access category?
- Desktop
- Downloads
- Documents
- Pictures
What seven shortcuts are under the Desktop category?
- OneDrive
- User account
- This PC
- Libraries
- Control Panel
- Recycle Bin
What shortcut folder belongs to your account profile?
User account
What shortcut. access to user-generated files in the user’s profile plus the hard drives and removable storage drives available to the PC.
This PC
What shortcut can be used to create views of folders and files stored in different location and on different disks?
Libraries
What shortcut contains computers, shared folders, and shared printers available over the network?
Network
What shortcut contains options for configuring legacy Windows features?
Control Panel
What shortcut provides an option for recovering files and folders that have been recently deleted?
Recycle bin
Each user has their own profile folder, where is it stored?
Under Users system.
Each user’s profile are private, is there anyone else who can access them?
Yes, someone with administrative access.
In Windows 10 what are used to provide easy access to different kinds of documents that may be stored in different places?
Libraries
If I have pictures stored on a network, a flash drive, and in my pictures folder, where could I view them all in one location?
In a library
When naming a folder what nine symbols are not permitted?
\ / : * ? “ < > |
Max amount of characters allowed when naming a file?
260
What two ways can I create a folder?
I can use the shortcut or I can create a new folder within another object.
What do you call the containers for the data that is used and modified through the operating system and applications?
Files.
What two forms of data can files store?
Text data and binary data
The rules for naming a file are the same as those for naming a folder accept for one exemption. What is that exemption?
A file name will end with an extension.
What is the file extension for?
It describes what type of file it is and it also helps Windows associate the file with an application.
How is a file extension separated from the rest of the file name?
By a period.
How many characters make up a file extension and is it visible to the user?
Conventionally there are three characters and by default they aren’t shown to the user.
When are system files and applications created?
When the program is installed.
Tell me two ways I can open a file in File Explorer.
I can double click the file or I can right click then select Open With.
Where can I configure file associations?
Default Programs
Why must I be careful to use plain text file format when creating and editing files?
If I convert a plain text file to a binary format, it will become unusable.
Where is the “File Explorer Options” applet found?
In Control Panel.
What does the File Explorer Option do?
It controls how Explorer works.
What two ways can I rename a file?
I can select the file and press F2 or I can right-click it and select Rename.
Why should I never change or delete the extension of a file?
Because the file will no longer be associated with the correct program for opening it.
Two ways I can delete a file using File Explorer?
Select the file and press DEL or use the shortcut menu.
If I accidentally delete a file from a local hard disk where can I retrieve it?
Recycle Bin
Recycling Bin takes up how much of the drive’s capacity?
10%
How do I recover a deleted file from Recycle Bin?
Recycle Bin > right-click the icon(s) > Restore
How can I delete everything from Recycling Bin and why might I want to do that?
Right-click Recycling Bin then select Empty Recycle Bin. I might want to do this if disc space is low.
From a security standpoint data is not actually erased until that area of disk is overwritten by different data. Third-party utilities can recover files that have been “deleted” in this way. How might I truly delete them?
File “shredding” utilities.
Tell me five different ways to select a block of files.
- Click and drag around multiple files.
- Select the first file then press the Shift key and click the last file.
- Select the first file, hold the CTRL key, and select as many files as I need.
- Use the Shift key with the Arrow key to select a block of files.
- Use the CTRL and Arrow key to keep existing selections, use the spacebar to add icons to it.
Name four file attributes
- name
- date of creation, modification, last accessed
- size
- description
Name four file attribute markers that can be enabled or disabled.
- (R) Read-only
- (H) Hidden
- (S) System
- (A) Archive
Files stored on an NTFS partition have extended attributes. Name three of them.
- permission
- compression
- encryption
How do I open the properties dialog for a file or folder?
Right-click and select Properties.
Custom permissions can be configured for a file or folder using the Security tab in its properties dialog. There are four permission levels. What are they?
- full control
- modify
- read/list/execute
- write
What is the simplest way to search for a specific file, program, app, message, or web page?
Press the start key and type a search phrase.
Besides clicking the File Explorer search box, how else can I activate it?
F3
What does PDF stand for?
Portable Document Formant
What does DTP stand for?
Desktop Publishing
This is an early MPEG standard for video files with lossy compression.
mpg.
What does MPEG stand for?
Motion Pictures Expert Group
What does lossy mean?
discarding unnecessary information.
What is the standard audio/video file format. The format acts as a container for audio and video media streams (plus additional media, such as subtitles). A number of different encoding methods (or codecs) are available
mp4 - MPEG-4
file format designed to deliver Flash Video
flv
who created flv
Adobe Flash developer tool
Why is Flash declining in the market place?
Apple refuses to use it in their iphone an ipad
What provides a standards-based alternative to Flash?
The HTML5 web page coding language.
What does wmv stand for?
Windows Media Video.
A video container file format developed by Microsoft?
wmv
A legacy Windows-only video format. It is a limited format with not much ongoing support?
avi
remains one of the most popular formats for distributing music and is almost universally supported by media players.
mp3
what was mp3 developed from?
MPED
What’s the only drawback of mp3?
lossy compression format, which means that some of the audio information is discarded.
developed from MPEG as a successor to mp3. This format is also widely supported.
aac
what does aac stand for?
advanced audio coding
this is an audio-only file format deriving from the MPEG-4 standards track. It usually uses AAC compression, though other methods are available (including lossless ones).
m4a
this format achieves file size compression without discarding audio data.
flac
what does flac stand for?
Free Lossless Audio Codec
What is flac’s drawback?
It is not quite as widely supported by media players
an early Windows audio file format. It is not widely supported by media players but may be used by audio editing applications.
wav
what is an “executable file”
one that contains program code?
can make changes to the computer system
program code
this is the basic type of program file in Windows.
exe
this is a Windows Installer file used to install and uninstall software applications under Windows.
msi
this is the equivalent of an exe file for macOS.
app
contains a sequence of commands either from the operating system’s command interpreter or from a scripting language supported by the OS (name five)
bat/
cmd/
vbs/
js/
ps1
How is a script slightly different from program code?
It is not compiled into executable code. Instead the script runs with an interpreter.
Often, to send or store a file , to reduce the amount of space it takes up on the storage media or the bandwidth required to send it over a network. I…
compress it
What are eight ways to compress a file?
- zip
- tar
- rar
- 7z
- gz
- iso
- vhd/vmdk
- dmg
this format was developed for the PKZIP utility but is now supported “natively” by Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux.
zip
What do you call a file when the OS can create and extract files from the archive without having to install a third-party application.
“Natively”
this was originally a UNIX format for writing to magnetic tape (tape archive) but is still used with gzip compression as a compressed file format for UNIX, Linux, and macOS. A third-party utility is required to create and decompress tar files in Windows
tar
this proprietary format is used by the WinRAR compression program.
rar
this type of archive is created and opened using the open-source 7-Zip compression utility.
7z
this type of archive is created and opened by the gzip utility, freely available for UNIX and Linux computers. A number of Windows third-party utilities can work with gzip-compressed files.
gz
this is a file in one of the formats used by optical media. The main formats are ISO 9660 (used by CDs) and UDF (used by DVDs and Blu-Ray Discs). Many operating systems can mount an image file so that the contents can be read through the file browser.
iso
these are disk image file formats used with Microsoft Hyper-V and VMware virtual machines respectively. A disk image is a file containing the contents of a hard disk, including separate partitions and file systems. Like an ISO, such a file can often be mounted within an OS so that the contents can be inspected via the file browser.
vhd/vmdk
this is a disk image file format used by Apple macOS.
dmg
