MODULE 9: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Flashcards
functions of the respiratory system
gas exchange
gas conditioning
sound production
olfaction
defense
functions of the respiratory system
gas exchange
gas conditioning
sound production
olfaction
defense
what epithelium lines the respiratory tract?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar
can be found interspersed throughout the pseudostratified epithelium. these cells produce mucus, forming a protective layer over the epithelium. provides moisture to humidify the air before it reaches the lungs
goblet mucus cells
the consequences if a human body did not have ciliated respiratory epithelium
without ciliated epithelium, the body would lose as aspect of immunity, allowing more debris and potentially harmful pathogens into the respiratory system. without ciliated RTE, a person would be more susceptible to respiratory tract infections.
structures of the conducting portion of the respiratory system
- nose and nasal cavity
- paranasal sinuses
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi
- terminal bronchioles
this portion of the respiratory system functions to transfer inhaled air from the outside world to the lungs tissue. this portion also conducts air from the lungs to the outside world. this is where humidification and trapping of debris occurs. no oxygen is absorbed into the blood in this region
conducting portion of respiratory system
this portion of the respiratory system functions to transfer inhaled air from the outside world to the lungs tissue. this portion also conducts air from the lungs to the outside world. this is where humidification and trapping of debris occurs. no oxygen is absorbed into the blood in this region
conducting portion of respiratory system
structures of the respiratory portion
- respiratory bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
- alveolar sacs
- alveoli
structures of the respiratory portion
- respiratory bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
- alveolar sacs
- alveoli
this region of the respiratory system functions to transfer gases between the lungs and pulmonary capillaries.
respiratory portion
this region of the respiratory system functions to transfer gases between the lungs and pulmonary capillaries.
respiratory portion
what are the four paranasal sinuses
frontal sinuses, sphenoid sinus, ethmoid sinuses, maxillary sinuses
what are the four paranasal sinuses
frontal sinuses, sphenoid sinus, ethmoid sinuses, maxillary sinuses
what type of epithelium lines the paranasal sinuses
respiratory tract epithelium
a muscular tube that connects the nasal cavity and the larynx in the respiratory system. it also functions to connect the oral cavity with the esophagus
the pharynx
the most superior aspect of the pharynx
nasopharynx
the most superior aspect of the pharynx
nasopharynx
the middle aspect of the pharynx. part of both the respiratory and digestive system
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
the most inferior aspect of the pharynx. involved in both the digestive and respiratory systems.
difference between the nasopharynx and the oro and laryngopharynx histology
nasopharynx is respiratory tract epithelium, oro and laryngopharynx are stratified squamous epithelium
this organ produces sound, known as the voice box. made up of a variety of cartilages, ligaments, and muscles. sits anterior to the esophagus, connecting the pharynx with the trachea and preventing food from entering the trachea
the larynx
a large spoon shaped elastic cartilage that functions to prevent food from passing into the trachea. during swallowing, it flips downwards and covers opening of the trachea
the epiglottis
a shield shaped hyaline cartilage that provides attachment for many muscles as well as the vocal cords
thyroid cartilage
this cartilage is a complete ring of hyaline cartilage. it is narrow anteriorly and broad posteriorly. functions as an attachment for muscles and the vocal cords
cricoid cartilage
small ligaments attached to laryngeal cartilages that vibrate when air is forced out of the lungs. when these cords vibrate, sound is produced.
vocal cords
extends from the larynx to approximately the level of T4/T5, where it splits at a junction called the carina. the main function of this structure is the conduction of air to the lungs
the trachea
the three histological layers of the trachea
mucosa, submucosa, adventitia
what is the submucosa of the trachea composed of
made up of loose connective tissue, containing larger vessels and nerves, as well as mucus secreting glands.
what is the submucosa of the trachea composed of
made up of loose connective tissue, containing larger vessels and nerves, as well as mucus secreting glands.
the outer layer of connecting tissue surrounded the trachea, this layer also enclosed the c shaped cartilaginous rings made of the hyaline cartilage.
adventitia
which primary bronchus is wider, shorter and more vertical than the other
the right primary bronchus
components of the bronchial tree
the primary bronchi, the secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, terminal bronchioles.
components of the bronchial tree
the primary bronchi, the secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, terminal bronchioles.
after inhaled air reached the terminal bronchioles, which region. of the respiratory systems does the air travel to next?
the respiratory portion
after inhaled air reached the terminal bronchioles, which region. of the respiratory systems does the air travel to next?
the respiratory portion
this portion serves to allow for gas exchange between air and blood
respiratory portion
this portion serves to allow for gas exchange between air and blood
respiratory portion
what are differences between the left lung and the right lung
the right lung:
- has three lobes( superior, middle, inferior)
- has two fissures ( horizontal and oblique
- larger than left
left lung
- has two lobes ( superior and inferior)
- contains the cardiac notch on superior lobe
- superior lobe has the lingula
- has one fissure ( oblique fissure)
surfaces of the lungs
- apex
- diaphragmatic
- costal
- mediastinal
gas exchange
the exchange of gases between the air and blood. inspired oxygen moves across the cellular membranes of the alveolus of the lung and its associated capillaries into the blood while waste or carbon dioxide moves in the opposite direction and out of the body.
external respiration vs internal respiration.
external respiration refers to. the exchange of gases between the air and blood. inspired o2 moves across cellular membranes of the alveolus of the lung and its associated capillaries. waste. co’s moves in the opposite direction and out of the body through expiration.
internal respiration is the exchange of gases between blood and cells or the body
gas conditioning
gas entering the lungs need to be conditioned or warmed and cleansed in order to prevent damage to the lungs.
gas conditioning
gas entering the lungs need to be conditioned or warmed and cleansed in order to prevent damage to the lungs.
where does gas conditioning occur
the nasal cavities and the paranasal cavities. inhaled air is cleansed of particulate matter through contact with mucosal lining on respiratory epithelium
sound production
forceful expiration of air through the vocal cords in the larynx causing them to vibrate.
where is olfactory epithelium found
at the top of the nasal cavity
defense function of respiratory system
course hairs in nostrils, cilliated cell of the the respiratory tract epithelium and mucus lining help trap particles and prevent them from entering the nose and respiratory system
respiratory tract epithelium
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
goblet mucus cells
respiratory tract epithelium
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
goblet mucus cells
what would happen if the body did not have ciliated respiratory epithelium
increased risk of infections
without ciliated cells that help move mucus , it would not be effectively cleared leading to an accumulation of bacteria viruses and pathogens
compromised smell and taste
lack of ciliated particles could impair smell and taste
structure of trachea
trachea is made up of 15-20 cartilaginous rings which keep the airway open. they are connected posteriorly by the trachealis muscle
what epithelium is the trachea lines with
respiratory tract epithelium mucosa
what layer of of the trachea encloses the c shaped cartilaginous rings made of hyaline cartilage. these rings make the trachea flexible and durable. which is important as the r organs in the thoracic cavity shift with the movement.
adventitia
